Lunar landing

A Alunissage is defined as the arrival without damage of an space engine inhabited or uninhabited on the surface of a Natural satellite of a Planet. This concept was one of the goals of humanity as soon as one was able to appreciate that the the Moon was the celestial body nearest to the ground. One of the most obvious examples being the famous novel of Jules Verne, Of the Earth to the Moon , written in 1865, or more recently the albums of Objective Hergé, the Moon (1953) and One went on the Moon (1954).

Since the first lunar landing by the Soviet Union succeeds, in 1966, thanks to the probe Luna 9, the term was employed for the eighteen space engines which were posed on the Moon until in 1976. Last nines of these missions brought back on Earth of the samples of rock and lunar ground.

The first lunar landing of a man on the surface of our natural satellite is that of the American mission , Apollo 11, ordered by Neil Armstrong accompanied by Buzz Aldrin. Armstrong posed the Lunar module Eagle on the surface of the moon to 16:17: 42, hour of the east coast of America, the July 20th 1969.

Polemic

The word “lunar landing” is a recognized Néologisme meaning “ to be posed on the surface of the the Moon ”, with the term “to land by analogy”, which means “ to be posed on ground ”. An old polemic exists as for the neologism thus created, some claiming that a new term will have consequently to be created each time it is a question of being posed on another celestial body. It is necessary to note however the vacuity of this controversy since at the time of the landing on the planet Mars of the probes of the Programme Viking, in 1976, the term “amarissage” neither was created nor used by the French-speaking journalists.

Context

Scientific context

The first problem concerning a lunar landing is the high swiftness necessary to a spaceship to escape the terrestrial Gravité. The only means developed to date to obtain this result are the fused . Contrary to the other air vehicles such as the Airship S or the jets, a rocket can prolong its acceleration in the upper atmosphere and the space Vide, out of the terrestrial Atmosphère.

As soon as one left the Earth behind oneself, a lunar landing requires a spaceship able to reach a speed making it possible to cancel or exceed lunar gravity in order to slow down its descent towards the Moon. In the case of a way the Ground-Moon this speed is of: 2400 m/s, is 8640 km/h. This speed is in general obtained thanks to a Rétrofusée. If one cannot slow down and control the speed of descent of the space vehicle towards the moon, that will not land, but will be crushed on the surface of the celestial body. Number of the first Russian and American attempts at lunar landings showed the crash landing of the space probe. Certain objects were also deliberately precipitated on lunar surface, as at the time of the Apollo program the third stage of the rockets Saturn V were deliberately projected on the Moon in order to record their impacts thanks to the Sismographe S which had been set up at the surface of the Moon by the preceding missions. These " crash" allowed to define more precisely the internal Structure of the Moon.

Historical lunar landing

Procedures of lunar landing

Lunar landings of fiction

The cartoon Of cape and hooks presents two lunar landings of fiction, supposed to be held at the XVIIe century.

See too

List of the artificial objects on the Moon

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