Ludwig Gumplowicz

Christian of Jewish origin, Ludwig Gumplowicz (March 9th 1838 with Cracow, republic now pertaining to Poland - August 19th 1909 with Graz in Austria) was one of the founders of the Sociologie known as European. He was also a Historien and a Juriste which taught the administrative law to the Université of Graz.

Course

Gumplowicz studies the right to Cracow and Vienna, then he becomes lawyer and Publiciste in this city. In 1875, it started to teach the constitutional law to Graz. In 1882, he became auxiliary professor, and in 1893, professor. In 1909, it committed suicide with his wife after being reached Cancer.

History of the Poland

According to him, the history of Poland is divided into three periods, the period of the Piast S, the period of the Jagellons, and periods of the elected king, where the three fields, king, clergy, and legislature were in constant opposition (frequently with violence).

During the first time the legislative power was between the hands of the king, in the second between the hands of the nobility, and in the third between the hands of the catholic clergy and the Jesuits. According to him, the kings generally were favorably laid out towards the Jews, without the nobility their being completely unfavourable. The third period is that of the domination of the clergy and the Jésuites. The sights of the clergy with regard to the Jews are always remained the same ones, but until the third period it missed power imposing them. From the moment when he assumed the education of Polish youth, the clergy could learn how to him to regard the Jews as the enemies of the church.

Work and influence

Gumplowicz very early was interested in the problem of the removed ethnicities, because it was of Jewish family and originating in Cracow, a city of old the République_des_Deux_Nations become the free Ville of Cracow then annexed by the Austria-Hungary. He was a lawyer of the Minorité S in the Empire of Habsbourg, in particular for the Slavic .

Gumplowicz was interested in the Sociologie of the conflict starting from the idea of the social Groupe. He saw state as an establishment which served the various ones controls elite S at various hours. he adopted the point of view of the Macrosociologie, envisaging that if the minorities of a state became socially integrated, they would burst in the war. In its work of 1909, Der Rassenkampf ( the Fight of the races ) it envisaged the world war. During its life he was regarded as one holding of the social Darwinisme.

Its political belief and its character polemize attracted much students Italy NS and Polish, which popularized its theories important in Poland, Italy and in other states of the crown of Austria (today Croatia, Czech Republic). The fact that it published its work in German in also made an important figure in the countries of German language. It had particularly influence on Gustav Ratzenhofer.

Renato Truces

Topics of predilection (summarized its analyzes)

the STATE: It is born from the activities of a group which is organized for purposes to fix of them others by means of the military discipline and of the intellectual superiority.

RIGHT: The group which exerts the power is always numerically lower compared to the groups thus fixed the system to compensate for imbalance (inequalities of the forces), one resorts to the legal system: “The right is born from the hostilities between its heterogeneous social actors and from unequal forces”.

MORALS (the habit): It is about the question of the validity of a behavior. In fact, this last is imposed on its members. When the groups meet and that they run up is born the capacity, the state and the right, while morals by forming a system of conventions recognized inside an individual/group highlights the lack of the conflict element in the formation of the system of rules.

PROGRESS: in the relationship between right and morals, one can determine a certain movement. However, Gumplowicz avoids in general facing the problem of progress or the evolution of the company. Indeed, for him progress and step backs arise according to cyclic methods inside each civilization. Those would be prone to the danger of cruelty as well in the form of an external danger as intern. Cruelty acts like a force hidden with the center the company, always ready to explode and take the top.

Publications

Race und Staat 1875
Das allgemeine Staatsrecht 1877
Der Rassenkampf 1883
Grundriss DER Sociology 1885
System socyologii 1887
Das österreichische Staatsrecht 1891
Geschichte der Staatstheorien , 1905
Der Rassenkampf , 1909
Sozialphilosophie im Umriss, (postum) 1910