Louis-Philippe Ier

Louis-Philippe of Orleans (October 6th 1773 with Paris - August 26th 1850 with Claremont in the Surrey, England), known under the Revolution like the citizen Chartres or Equality wire , then king of the French of 1830 with 1848 under the name of Louis-Philippe 1st .

Before 1830

Born with Paris, Louis-Philippe of Orleans was the son of Louis '' Philippe '' Joseph of Orleans (1747-1793), duke of Orleans (known under the name of “  Philippe Égalité  ”) and of Louise Henriette Marie Adelaide of Bourbon (1753-1821) (its birth was disputed later on by certain Maria-Stella, Baronne of Sternberg, which was claimed girl of Philippe of Orleans).

Born Sérénissime Highness and Prince from blood, titrated duke of Valois of his birth with died of his/her grandfather in 1785, it carried then the title of duke of Chartres. Like his father, the duke of Chartres was a partisan of the French revolution. He took part as a general lieutenant in the battles of Valmy, Jemappes and Neerwinden.

Following his chief, the general Dumouriez, it passes to the Austria in 1793 and carries out a life of wandering consequently, including with the the United States where there remained four years with Philadelphia. (Its title of general lieutenant to the service of the republican armies and later to the service of thousand-year-old Charles Ve front J. - C., is worth its inscription to him on the Triumphal arch of the Star.) The come to power of Bonaparte does not put fine at its exile during the Empire.

In 1809 Louis-Philippe married Marie '' Amélie '' of Bourbon (1782 - 1866), princess of the Deux-Siciles and girl of the king Ferdinand {{Ier}} of Deux-Siciles. They had ten enfants :

  1. Ferdinand-Philippe (born the September 3rd 1810), prince of blood, duke of Chartres, then royal prince and duke of Orléans  ;
  2. Louise (born on April 3rd, 1812), princess of blood, then Louise princess of Orleans, which marries the king Léopold {{Ier}} of Belgium (first king of the Belgians) in 1832   ;
  3. Marie (born on April 12th, 1813), princess of blood, then Marie princess of Orleans, which marries a duke of Wurtemberg  ;
  4. Louis (born on October 25th, 1814), prince of blood, duke of Nemours (elected king of the Belgians in 1831, title that his/her father will refuse with the profit of his Louise daughter and Léopold 1st)   ;
  5. Francoise (born on March 28th, 1816), princess of the sang  ;
  6. Clementine (born on June 3rd, 1817), princess of blood, then princess Clementine of Orleans, which marries a prince of Saxony-Cobourg-Gotha  ;
  7. François (born on August 14th, 1818), prince of blood, prince de Joinville  ;
  8. Charles (born on January 1st, 1820), prince of blood, duke of Penthièvre  ;
  9. Henri (born on January 16th, 1822), prince of blood, duke of Aumale  ;
  10. Antoine (born on July 31st, 1824), prince of blood, duke of Montpensier, which becomes later infant of Spain.

After the abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte, in 1814, Louis-Philippe returned food to France, receiving the title of duke of Orleans and its residence, the Palais Royal.

Under the Restoration, the reigns of Louis {{XVIII}} and of Charles X the popularity of Louis-Philippe grows. He incarnates an opposition measured to the policy of the extremists of the royalism and does not reject the entirety of the French revolution. Louis-Philippe takes guard to be acted modestly and bourgeoisement, sending his children to the Lycée Henri-Iv. The shortly after died of Louis {{XVIII}} (the late king did not rely on him), it found its row of royal highness granted by Charles X, in the same way thanks to the new king it largest of was compensated for the Law of the billion to the emigrants 1825.

King of the French

(See the period of Hesitation of 1830)
In 1830, the revolution of the “  Three Glorious   ” Charles X reversed, which abdicated (with the counter-signature of his/her son the dolphin) in favor of its grandson the duke of Bordeaux. Thousand-year-old Charles Ve front J. - C. instituted the duke of Orleans like “  lieutenant-general of the royaume  ”.

Fearing a republican rising, the House of Commons proclaimed Louis-Philippe like new king of the French (and not “  of France   ”). This new title of “  king of Français  ” (already used by Louis XVI of 1789 to 1792) is a constitutional innovation, binding new popular monarchy to the people, not to the State, contrary to the preceding title. Another strong symbol of the new monarchy is the adoption of the Tricolor to replace the white flag of the Restoration. This come to power with the favor of a popular rising was worth in Louis-Philippe the hostility of the courses European and the nickname of “  king of the barricades  ”.

Reign

The partisans of “Henri V”, refuting the catch of the throne by Louis-Philippe, were called the legitimists, and more precisely the henriquinquists (another part of the legitimists however regarding as null the abdication of thousand-year-old Charles Ve front J. - C.).

In 1832, his/her daughter Louise became the first queen of the Belgian by marrying Léopold I {{er}}.

In 1838 it sent a forwarding to the Mexico for what was called the Guerre of pastry making.

In 1843, via Ratchet of Héricourt, a treaty of friendship and trade was signed with the sovereign of the Choa Sahlé Sellassié.

As a sign of Harmony between France and England, king Louis-Philippe accepted the queen Victoria of England in his castle of Have, twice in 1843 and 1845, while he visited sovereign the British with the Château of Windsor in 1844.

During a few years, Louis-Philippe reigned rather modestly, avoiding the arrogance, the pump and the excessive expenditure of his predecessors. In spite of this appearance of simplicity, the supports of the king came from the average Bourgeoisie. At the beginning, he was liked and called the King Citoyen , but its popularity suffered when its government was perceived like increasingly preserving and monarchical.

The support given initially to the party of the “Movement” directed by Adolphe Thiers made place with the conservatism incarnated by François Guizot. Under its control, the living conditions of the popular classes worsened, the variations of incomes increasing considerably. An economic crisis in 1846 - 1848, related to the actions of the Republican party which organized the Campagne of the Banquets brought the people to a new revolution against the king.

Abdication and exile

In front of the course of the insurrection, Louis-Philippe abdicated the February 24th 1848 in favor of his young grandson “  Louis-Philippe {{II}}   ” (his/her son and heir, royal prince Ferdinand-Philippe, having died in an accident a few years before). Fearing to undergo the same fate as Louis {{XVI}} and Marie-Antoinette, it disguised and left Paris. Travelling in a banal car under the name of M R Smith , it flees in England.

However the National Assembly, though lends, first of all, to accept its grandson as king, changed opinion and followed the public opinion, deciding to proclaim the Second Republic in circumstances discussed with the Town hall of Paris.

Louis-Philippe and his family lived in England until his death (the August 26th 1850) with Claremont (Surrey). In 1876, its body like that of its wife the queen Amélie (April 26th 1782   - March 24th 1866) were brought back to the royal Chapelle, the necropolis family which it had made build in 1816 with Dreux.

Family

Brothers and sisters

  • Antoine (1775 - 1807), duke of Montpensier;
  • Adelaide (1777 - 1847), “Miss”: She will remain unmarried and become the essential confidante of her brother;
  • Louis Charles (1779 - 1808), count de Beaujolais;
  • Miss Collard, girl of a mistress of her father (Mrs. de Genlis) wife the Baron Cappelle colonel of artillery in the imperial guard.

Been engaged

1804 Elisabeth English princess, girl of the King Georges IV of England, the marriage will not end.

Wives

1809: Louise-Marie-Amélie of Bourbon-Sicily, princess of Deux-Siciles (1782+1866) girl of the king Ferdinand IV of Deux-Siciles and the Archduchess Marie-Caroline of Austria.

Legitimate descent

  • Ferdinand-Philippe, duke of Chartres and Orleans, Prince Royal (1810+1842), wife Helene-Louise-Elisabeth de Mecklembourg Schwerin, a Protestant woman.
  • Louise-Marie Of Orleans (1812+1850), wife in 1832 Léopold Ier, King of the Belgians.
  • Marie-Christine of Orleans (1813+1839), wife in 1837 Frederic-Guillaume-Alexandre, duke of Wurtemberg (nephew of Léopold Ier, King of the Belgians)
  • Louis-Charles-Philippe of Orleans, Duke of Nemours (1814+189), wife in 1840 Victoire-Auguste-Antoinette, princess of Saxony-Cobourg-Gotha (+1857)
  • François (1816+1818)
  • Clementine, princess Saxony-Cobourg-Gotha (1817+1907), wife in 1843 the duke Auguste-Louis-Victor of Saxony-Cobourg-Gotha (+1881)
  • Francois, prince de Joinville (1818+1900), wife in 1843 Francoise de Bragance, imperial princess of Brazil (girl of Pierre Ier of Brazil)
  • Charles, duke of Penthièvre (1820+1828)
  • Henri-Eugene-Philippe-Louis of Orleans, duke of Aumale (1822+1897), wife in 1844 Marie-Caroline of Bourbon (" Lina") (+1869)
  • Antoine de Montpensier (1824+1890), wife in 1846 Marie-Louise de Bourbon, infante Spain (+1897)

See too

In France, a Museum is devoted to king Louis-Philippe Ier, it acts of the Musée Louis-Philippe of the castle of Have.

External bonds

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