Livry-Gargan

Livry-Gargan is a French city , located in the department of the Seine-Saint-Denis (in the past Seine-et-Oise) and the area Île-de-France, with approximately twelve kilometers in the North-East of Paris. Livry-Gargan has a population of approximately forty thousand inhabitants (estimate 2004). Its inhabitants is called Livryen () S.

Place of stay of Madam de Sévigné with the abbey of Livry during the 17th century, the commune which knew a strong suburban urbanization since 1875 became a residential city nowadays.

Geography

Description

Livry-Gargan extends on 738 hectares, that is to say approximately five kilometers of south-west in the North-East (of the Pavillons-sous-Bois to Vaujours) on 2,8 kilometers of the North-West in south-east (of Aulnay-sous-Bois to Clichy-sous-Bois). The commune is built on the septentrional side of the slope Gypse ux carrying the Forêt of Bondy and extends to north towards the southernmost part of the flat of France, largely urbanized today.

The commune is bordering on:

in north: Sevran;
in the North-West: Aulnay-sous-Bois;
in the west: the Pavillons-sous-Bois;
in south-west: Raincy;
in the south: Clichy-sous-Bois;
in the east: Coubron and Vaujours.

The suburban habitat is largely prevalent in Livry-Gargan, not constituting less 57,7 % of communal surface, however the type of urbanization is variable according to the districts. The commune comprises only small collectives, representing only 6 % of occupied surface and any tower nor “Grand unit” what differentiates it from the majority of the communes which surround it.

The downtown area is characterized by a mixture of low continuous structures, end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, and small apartment buildings of four floors generally, but reaching eight stages sometimes. These buildings are for the majority the result of the restoration of the center town engaged during the Années 1960 and 1970. The near total of the remainder of communal surface consists of suburban streets, parcelled out starting from the end of the 19th century.

The zones of economic activities and commercial concentrate with the accesses of the trunk road 3, primarily at the exit east of the city in direction of Meaux.

The city does not comprise officially delimited districts. One can nevertheless distinguish: the district of Gargan in the south-west of the commune, the Abbey, suburban district located at the North-West, the downtown area , and the retail parks as well as the suburban district of the Powder mill at the exit east of the city.

A cycle track is in the course of installation between RN3 and the park of the Powder mill. End 2006, this track is carried out to 80%. The creation of another cycle track is under study, along the T4 line of the tram-train. It should be noted that a 108 km length cycle track is arranged on the banks of the channel of Ourcq of the Parc of the Villette at the department of the Aisne. A fraction of this track passes on the territory of the commune.

Climate

Livry-Gargan as all the Île-de-France is subjected to a degraded oceanic Climat. The localization of the commune within the very dense urbanization of the Paris and its suburbs causes a very light rise in the temperature of one or two degrees according to the climatic conditions compared to the rural areas of Ile-de-France, in particular in calm weather and anticyclonic. This variation is particularly notable at daybreak, and tends to be accentuated with the passing of years. The annual average temperature is of 11°C, the month more the cold is January with +4,7°C; the hottest months are July and August with +20°C (average day laborer). The median number of days when the temperature exceeds 25°C is of 43, including 9 beyond 30°C. With the Le Bourget, since 1955, the annual intermediate duration of Ensoleillement is 1719 hours.

History

Livry-Gargan draws its name either from Livriacum , villa Gallo-Roman of certain Liberius, or of Livreia , the edge. The mention Gargan, name of the first industrialist of the city, was added in 1912 because indicating the new districts created starting from its property .

Origins

No ancient object was discovered in the area of Livry. It is thus difficult to know if the territory were occupied before the conquest of Gaulle. But the origin of the settlement of the city is certain: it goes back to the clearing of the Forêt of Bondy. The origin of the village would come from an old road, built by the Gallic ones, arranged by the Romans, who crossed Livry: current the Trunk road 3. This road passed in front of a clearing of the Forest of Bondy, where a farm was installed: the Gallo-Roman villa of Liberius .

The historian Camille Jullian, of the Collège de France, made research tasks on the Roman villas of the forest and in particular on this villa and his Gallo-Roman vast domain which named Liberiacum , of the name of his owner Liberius . Like so much of others, the field was ransacked at the time of the cruel invasions of the 5th century and it is only at the end of the 11th century that one finds the traces of Livriacus . And they is precise at this time, which the known history of Livry begins.

The Middle Ages

At the 12th century, Livry was under feudal mode, but contrary to certain villages of the area, the soil was not parcelled out in several strongholds. Guillaume de Garlande, Chancellor of France, and lord of Livry and Garlande-in-Brie, built a manor there. Some dwellings of serfs gathered then around the castle. The lord was very appreciated of the people, thanks to the donations which it made in 1111 with the monastery of Saint-Martin-of-Fields.

Guillaume de Garlande had four wire, of which Etienne de Garlande, which took part in one of the most outstanding events of Livry. Seneshal and chancellor of France, it was one of the most important personalities at the Court of Louis VI the Large one. In 1127, it fell disgrace, left the Court at the request of the queen Alix of Savoy. It then transmitted its dignity of Seneshal to his nephew. In dissension, Louis VI besieged his castle then made it shave. Etienne de Garlande made it rebuild and surrounded the village of walls.

In 1200, Guillaume IV of Garlande, wire of Etienne de Garlande, victorious of the English with Mantes in 1188, helped by the donations of Philippe Auguste, made build close to the tomb of his/her father, the Abbaye Notre-Dame de Livry. The latter was served by the regular canons of Saint Augustin in 1197. The church was dedicated to Notre-Dame.

In 1213, last the holder of the name, Mahaut de Garlande married the knight Henri V of Grandpré. The châtellenie of Livry became the property of the Grandpré family during an about sixty years. In 1285, the king of France, Philippe Bold the bought the castle and the ground to them, then left with the abandonment. It offered them to a trusty servant, Pierre de Chambly, accompanied by the concession of Coubron and Aulnay. In 1317, the oldest son, Pierre de Chambly inherited the goods. It is thus with the whole beginning of the 14th century, that the grounds of Coubron and Aulnay were attached to those of Livry.

15th century with the French revolution

Property of Chambly at the 15th century, the seigniory of Livry and Coubron was given to Guiot de Chambly, only heir in 1412. Eleven years later, this last yielded a part to Maître Hugues Rapiot, then president of the requests of the Palate. In 1425, it had the whole of the seigniory. In 1473, the Count de Dammartin took again the field, then plundered and destroyed by the Guerre One hundred Year old. Not being able to deal with its goods, he entrusted management to the lord of Villemomble starting from 1479. In 1499, to its death, the goods were yielded to the son of the lord administrative, Simon Sanguin, middle-class of Paris. In 1518, Nicolas Blood, wire of Blood Simon, mentioned, before the Court of Auditors, only the grounds of Livry and omitted to speak about Coubron. It is as from this time, that the scission between the two fields was done.

In 1574, the field knew two lords: Blood Jacques and Georges Picart, one of her nephews. This division involved many conflicts which were not solved by the death of Jacques Sanguin. One of its sons, Jacques II Blood inherited a half of the field, and Anne of Picart, other half. But in 1620, Jacques II Blood succeeds in recovering the whole field, thanks to the support of Louis XIII.

Of 1624 with 1686, Christophe de Coulanges was titular abbey. He was the uncle and tutor of Marie of Rabutin-Chantal, become in 1644, marchioness of Sévigné. Madam de Sévigné, passed her youth to the abbey and often returned after the death of her husband. She wrote there many letters (Lettres of the Marchioness of Sévigné), in which she did not dry up praises on Livry. It is true that this small village, which was still called Livry in Aulnoye, located on the old way of Germany, in the middle of the antique Forêt of Bondy and of the Pays of Aulnoye, was to be well sympathetic nerve at the 17th century. Its raised situation, then offered to the visitors some beautiful panoramas.

In 1661, the count d' Estrades, ambassador of France in England, acquired the seigniory. It resold it in 1663, with the marquis de Mailly, captain of hunting of Livry and Bondy. The marquis then establishes a burrow plan of the city, which allowed a tourist visit of the seigniory. But the marquis ends up resigning, and Jacques Sanguin found his grounds. In 1676, he became Master of hotel of Louis XIV and maintained a friendly relation with Madam de Sévigné who had it in regard. He died in 1680. It was his/her son, Louis Sanguin who inherited the inheritance. In 1688, it obtained from the king that its grounds become a marquisat. It was at that time that the Dolphin briefly remained with the castle, the time of a splendid festival in its honor.

Six years later, Louis Sanguin acquired the field of Raincy, obtained from the king the union of the grounds of Livry and those of Raincy and sold the castle of Livry. He died in 1723, and his/her son, Louis Sanguin, second of the name inherited. General lieutenant of the armies of the king, it obtained the load of his father: Master of hotel of the king. He lived with Livry-the-Castle, where he accepted famous characters, such as the tsar Pierre Large the, the Piron poet. He died in 1717, and his/her children wasted his fortune. The last grandson yielded the field to the Duc of Orleans, future the Philippe-Equality, in 1769. In 1784, the seigniory belonged to Louis-Philippe, Duc of Orleans, which resided at the Château of Raincy.

In 1789, Louis XVI promised the meeting of the General states. The April 16th, the municipal assembly wrote the Register of grievances, on which twenty-six signatories affixed their name. This book claimed the abolition of the harbor offices of hunting, asserted the property of the trees along the ways, the rights of the inhabitants on the forest, the destruction of game, the right of the dovecote, the need for having a vicar, and a market which satisfies the public. A few months later, the Revolution burst. The November 19th of the same year, a decree ordered the sale of the goods of the clergy. This one took place later one year. The January 7th 1790, a decree created the canton of Livry within the department of the the Seine and Oise. This same year, the city knew its first mayor, Joseph Dufaut.

French revolution with the First World War

To the Revolution, the village is presented in the form of a small agglomeration of: 1500 hearts with orée of the forest and surrounded by four great properties: the abbey, the seigneurial field, the Ecu of France and the Large Cradle. The Paroisse of Livry depends then on the deanery of Chelles and on the Généralité of Paris. Its inhabitants live essentially of agriculture on small pieces, small ploughings, dairy breeding and Viticulture in particular. A chalk pit also brings a considerable complement of activity.

The June 25th 1791, the procession bringing back Louis XVI of Varennes crossed Livry by the main road of Meaux to Paris. Livryens, curious, massed on the course, and looked at the procession passing, “the hat on the head, while keeping a lugubrious silence, in accordance with this order posted and repeated on all the passage of the king” (Memories of the General Paul Thiébault).

In 1792, Blaquière succeeded the first mayor of the commune. A few months later, Convention is established in the country. August 26th 1792, nine citizens (of which three Livryens) were elected at the cantonal assembly of Livry. In 1793, new elections take place. But the municipalities transfer their existences undoubtedly shortened by the fall of Robespierre. New elections took place, and certain members of the preceding assemblies took part in it. In parallel, the food shortage made many damage in the campaigns.

September 9th 1795 (22 fructidor year III), of new cantonal elections brought the Directoire. Peltier, then mayor of the commune, in dissension with the preached ideas, resigned and was replaced by Blondel, prosecutor of Livry and was re-elected with the elections of 1797. The coup d'etat of the 18 fructidor involved elections, which were cancelled successively. In 1798, Grivellé was elected and stabilized the situation as well political as economic of the city. At this period, the new assembly obliged the members of the clergy to lend oath to the Constitution. Then the Convention tried to replace the catholic worship by that of the Goddess of the Reason, then by the Supreme worship Être. Without success. In parallel, the conventual buildings of the abbey were destroyed and the national goods sold (pieces of furniture, bells, books, the clock, etc); only the abbey house was saved and bought by the admiral Jacob, Minister for the Navy, where it withdrew in 1842 and died there in 1854. The house was demolished in 1924 and the last remainders of the abbey disappeared in 1962.

Into 1800, the political life of Livry changed radically. The 28 pluviôse (February 17th), the law divided the department into districts, thus creating the district of Pontoise. The canton of Livry formed part of it but its communes (Livry, Tremblay, Villepinte, Sevran, Vaujours, Clichy-sous-Bois, Coubron, Montfermeil, Gagny, Neuilly-sur-Marne, Gournay, Noisy-the-Large) were joined together with the canton of Gonesse. In 1802, began the digging from the Canal of Ourcq. The idea of this channel would go back to the XVIe century, under the reign of François 1st, then taken again under the reign of Louis XIV, in 1673. Napoleon i entrusted work to Pierre-Simon Girard, chief engineer of the Bridge-and-Roadways. Work began on September 23rd, 1802. December 2nd 1808, water arrived at Paris. The channel was finished in 1822.

In 1805, the count Dillon was elected mayor of Livry and resided at the castle. He became brigadier It accommodated there, in 1814, the count d' Artois, future Charles X. In 1860, an industrialist, Louis-Xavier Gargan, bought a ground timbered along the road of Meaux then built a mechanical sawmill there, with the angle of the current boulevards of the Republic and Marx-Dormoy. Around, a new district appeared quickly.

In 1869, the territory of the commune was amputee by the creation of the commune of the Raincy. Consequently, a competition is established between the two communes. Many notabilities deserted Livry, denounced by “the lamentations of Tardu”. In 1870, the Prussian invasion began: Livry suffered much and saw the ransacked Gargan factories and its cut trees. The occupation lasted of the September 19th 1870 with the September 24th 1871. The railway Bondy - Aulnay-sous-Bois saw the day in 1875 and served the new district of Gargan.

In July 1912, a ministerial decree instituted the name of “Livry-Gargan”, officializing a name entered the local language to indicate the allotments built around the factory of the industrialist of the city Louis-Xavier Gargan. This choice did not achieve the unanimity, much having preferred the name of “Livry-Sévigné”. But the First World War erased this dissension temporarily. The September 3rd, 250 men of reserve belonging to the 10th hussard passed by Livry-Gargan and moved towards Aulnay. In the night from September 7th to 8th, Livryens were awaked by 500 Parisian taxis, famous “the Taxis of the Marne” which, started from Gagny, transported each one 500 combatants until Nanteuil-le-Haudouin. The September 13rd, the German were folded up.

First World War at our days

After the First World War, the number of the houses doubled passer by of: 2822 in 1921 with formatnum: 4751 in 1931. In the same way, the population increased passer by considerably of: 11752 inhabitants in 1921 with: 21213 in 1931. At that time, Livry-Gargan was already a true suburban town, with its allotments, its schools, its road works, etc But the war of 1939 slows down this progression considerably.

During the Second world war, during the summer 1940, some Livryens solved, whose Camille Nicolas, decided to resist the German occupant. They created the Resistance network " M-4". In 1942, the networks of resistance were well organized, until December 1943, where certain resistant were stopped by the Gestapo. Several Communist elects were shot of which Lucien Michard with the Mont Valérien in 1942, former president of the communist group before the war and Eugene Massé secretary of the section of the PCF.

In July 1944, Maurice Carité, former writer with the Paddle and chief of the resistance of Livry, organized several meetings of the C.N.R. (National council of Resistance, chaired by Jean Moulin, until in 1943) with Livry, at the office of the House of Family (with the angle of the Jean-Jaurès boulevard and the Vauban avenue). The resistant ones of the company Robespierre carried out rather tardily, in June 1944, of the actions of sabotage to Sevran and Livry-Gargan in particular. These young people Franc-tireurs and in favor (ftp) ordered by Louis Hême, organizer of local resistance, carried out following these actions a combat armed against the German troops which facilitated the arrival of the first Americans. The combat of the release of the August 27th, 28th and 29th 1944 made several victims; they took place on the site of the current hypermarket Cora at the exit East of the city. Livry-Gargan was thus released by the Americans the August 27th 1944.

Of 1945 with 1947 the committee of release chaired by Gabriel Beillon ensured the municipal management in which the champion cycle Antonin Magne took part. But the alliance of the left (SFIO) with the line (MRP) gave again the capacity with the SFIO then. In 1971 the local line broke its alliance and conducted under initials “UCMPT” a violent campaign against the municipal management of the socialist mayor Alfred-Marcel Vincent. Since then, the city was managed by the union of the left (socialist majority).

After the Second world war, the commune strongly urbanized, by the allotment of its great properties in particular that of the abbey. In 1954, the district of the Abbaye still had a character of hamlet. Nevertheless, the city preserved a green character by the presence of many parks and gardens, and its urbanization, primarily suburban, not having been upset by the construction of “great units” as in many close communes.

The riots of November 2005 started in fact with Livry-Gargan: the three young people continued by the police force were announced by an inhabitant of the city grinding around a building site, near the stage Alfred Marcel Vincent of which they returned to foot towards their residences of Clichy-sous-Bois, the common neighbor. During these urban riots, the two colleges of the city as well as the gymnasium has. - M. Vincent and another municipal building underwent some damage remained relatively “minors” (about a few tens of thousands of euros according to the commune), in particular in comparison with the majority of the close cities (Sevran, Aulnay-sous-Bois or Clichy-sous-Bois) which entered many destruction of assets public or deprived.

Heraldic and lords of Livry

Demography

A first vague fact following the industrialization of the commune in the Years 1870 and with the construction of allotments in order to place the working population. Thus, the common one saw its population multiplying by ten in hardly fifty years, of 2195 inhabitants in 1876 with: 21366 in 1931. After a stabilization during a score of years, one second phase of increase after the Second world war makes following the continuation of the urbanization of the commune with apartment buildings, like the majority of the urban districts of the Paris and its suburbs. This “modernization” of the city according to the ideas of the time, under the impulse of the mayor César Collavéri, makes pass the population of: 20698 inhabitants in 1946 with: 32063 in 1968. After twenty years of stabilization, a third phase of increase takes place since the Années 1980. It is the consequence of the replacement of individual houses or industrial waste lands by small collectives, and made increase the population of the city of: 32778 inhabitants in 1982 with: 40900 in 2004.

Graph of the evolution of the population 1794-1999
Until 1866, part of the population of the Raincy is entered.

The population pyramid of the commune follows the regional tendency overall, with however some light nuances. The city, like the area Ile-de-France as a whole, sees the share of the teenagers and young adult (15 to 29 years) regressing between the two Recensement S of 1990 and 1999. The number of children on the other hand remains stable. A contrario , the share from the 45 to 75 years knew an increase of two points on average between the two censuses, completely in conformity with the regional average. Only the section from the 60 to 74 years is surreprésentée compared to the average of the area, at a rate of two to three additional points (12,4% of the men and 14,1% of the women with Livry-Gargan, against respectively 10,2% and 11,3% in Île-de-France).

Thus the population pyramid of the population of Livry-Gargan is about in conformity with the regional average for the share of less than 15 years, but knows a light deficit in the section from the 15 to 44 years, and an over-representation of more than 60 years.

Immigration

It at the 20th century, that the shifts in population intensify, is caused by the new wars, transport, the seasonal demand for labor, etc the Seine-et-Oise and in particular Livry-Gargan accommodates then a strong community Arménie, exiled after the genocide of 1915; and a community Italy does not enter the Années 1930 and 1950.

Housing

91,7% of the residences are main homes, distributed with 45,3% in houses and 54,7% in apartments (respectively 26,9% and 73,1% in the area). 61,5% of the inhabitants are owners of their housing, against 34,5% which are only tenants (respectively 44,3% and 51,1% in the area).

In 1996, program PLH (Local Program of the Habitat) was voted: the purpose of it was to preserve the suburban habitat of the commune and to answer the increasing demand of the social housing. This program was maintained for five years.

It should be noted that with 1874 residences HLM of the park in 1999 (23,4% in the area) is 12,2%, the city does not respect the provisions of article 55 of the law solidarity and urban renewal (SRU) of December 2000 fixing at 20% the minimum rate of social housing for the most important communes. This rate of social housing is definitely higher in the majority of the surrounding communes: 30,2% with Clichy-sous-Bois and up to 38,8% with Sevran, a contrario only 4,8% with the Raincy, thus showing the social situation of Livry-Gargan: a commune with the population more modest than its middle-class neighbor Raincy but easier than the average of this sector of the Seine-Saint-Denis.

The majority of the dwellings have three parts (30,2%), or four parts (24,1%), then two parts (19,3%). The small ones and great residences remain minority (studios: 8,5%; residences of five parts or more: 17,9%). The city has consequently dwellings slightly larger than the regional average. The main homes not having neither bath-tub, nor shower account for 2,6% of the regional park, but only 1,2% with Livry-Gargan. The residences of the commune have also more garages and boxings that elsewhere, with 68,1% of residences equipped against 49,8% on average regional.

Livry-Gargan is thus a commune with the largely majority suburban habitat, characterized by an elevated level of private property and a comfort of the residences overall higher than the regional average.

Administration

Livry-Gargan shelters several administrations and public services on its territory: two offices of station, a Barracks of firemen, a police station, a Municipal police, a center of the taxes, a principal treasury, a national agency for employment (ANPE), a reception ASSEDIC, a center of Social security, a point of reception EDF - GDF, etc

Livry-Gargan belongs to the jurisdiction of authority of the Raincy, and of great authority as well as trade of Bobigny.

Politically, Livry-Gargan is clearly a socialist city, the voters having continuously renewed their support by the socialist municipal majorities since 1961 and of left since 1919.

With the municipal elections of 2001, Alain Calmat, chief candidate DVG is re-elected with the first turn with 54,67% of the votes, that is to say: 6493 votes. Pascal Popelin, assistant of the mayor in charge of finances and the economic affairs is re-elected general adviser of the canton of Livry-Gargan. He is also vice-president of the general advice of Seine-Saint-Denis.

With the second turn, the voters voted to 79,1% for Jacques Chirac against 20,9% for Jean-Marie Le Pen with a rate of abstention from 20,7%, result rather close to the national tendencies (respectively 82,21% and 17,79%; abstention 20,29%) with however three additional points for Jean-Marie Le Pen.

In 1995, Lyvriens had preferred with the second turn of the presidential election Jacques Chirac (55,94%) with Lionel Jospin (44,06%).

With the referendum on the constitutional treaty for Europe of the May 29th 2005, Livryens voted Non with 59,16% compared with 40,84% of Yes with a rate of abstention from 32,18% (whole France: Not to 54,67%; Yes to 45,33%). These figures are in conformity with the departmental tendency (Not to 61,52%; Yes to 38,48%) but about opposite with the results franciliens (Yes 53,99%; Not 46,01%) showing the popular character of the city, the negative votes having been mainly the fact of the most modest electorate in France according to the analysts.

Mayors of Livry-Gargan

The Municipal council

The budget

At the time of the vote of the budget 2006, many expenditure was envisaged: 5,4 million euros for the equipment, and: 479000 euros for land acquisitions (in particular for the social housing). 2,2 million euros is intended for the refunding of the debt, estimated at January 1st 2006 to 15,9 million euros. Other investments take place in particular for the improvement of the framework of the life and the environment, with height of 2,6 million euros; for the animation of the city, the development of the sport, culture, community life, with height of 1,3 million euros; for the education and the improvement of the school framework, amounting to 1 million euros; for the improvement of the equipment and industrial relations policies with height of: 180000 euros; for the operation and the modernization of the public service rising with: 900000 euros.

The local direct taxation is in the departmental average for the communes of equivalent population. The rate of tax of dwelling of 15,66% in 2003 has not been increased for four years what translates a municipal Na will not to increase the tax pressure. This rate was renewed at the time of the vote of the budget 2007. On the other hand, the departmental rate of 6,53% in 2005 was increased by 9,49% at the time of the vote of the budget 2007 what carries it ata tax rate of 7,15% of the rental value.

The municipality and environment

Safety

The rate of criminality of the commune is of 81,63 acts for: 1000 inhabitants (crimes and offenses, figures 2005, including Coubron and Vaujours depend on the same district of police force), with a rate of resolution of the businesses by the police services of 26,13%, which is very slightly lower than the national average (83/1.000), and definitely lower at the average level of the department of the Seine-Saint-Denis: 95,67/1.000. The rate of criminality of the close main cities is higher: Aulnay-sous-Bois and Sevran reaches 89,16/1.000; Raincy and Clichy-sous-Bois 84/1.000 and Saint-Denis close to the double with 150,71/1.000. This rate is nevertheless definitely higher than Gagny and Montfermeil with 59,78/1.000 or Neuilly-sur-Marne and Neuilly-Pleasure with 68,41/1.000.

Twinnings

Economy

At the 19th century, the Westinghouse Air Brake Company (Company of the Brakes and Signals Westinghouse), specialized in the applications of the compressed air, is built in extreme cases of Sevran (which will give to the district its name of Freinville). The Head office is moved in Sevran in 1968. This same year, the manpower of the factory reaches them: 1700 people. Into 1979, it is divided into three sections: railway, automobile and pneumatic industrial. It is closed since some années.
Thus, one witnesses these last years a slip of the secondary industry towards the tertiary sector.

The commune has an important retail park at the exit east of the city along the trunk road 3 including/understanding a hypermarket Cora like various large signs (do-it-yourself, ready-made clothes, accessories of fishing, fast-food industry, etc). Independent tradesmen are essentially located on the place of the Release or the avenue of Chanzy.

In 1999, only 17,7% of the Livryens credits having an employment worked in the commune. This figure moved back of 26,7% between 1990 and 1999. More than eleven thousand Livryens and Livryennes occupy an employment in Paris, or in the offices, trade or industrial parks of the periphery. Livry-Gargan became with time a dormitory town.

In 1999, the municipality created the LGI (Livry-Gargan Insertion), a place of reintegration for the 450 recipients of RMI on the territory of the commune. The purpose of this structure is to support the follow-up of the people in great difficulties (assistance with the formation, housing, the social coverage, etc).

Unemployment rate was of 10,4% with the last estimate of 2005, that is to say 1918 people. The average revenue by household is lower than the national average than approximately: 17707 € per annum (national average: : 20363 € per annum).

For memory, the number of unemployed with Livry-Gargan did not cease increasing in the Années 1930: 35 in 1931, 500 in 1932, 700 the following year, 850 in 1934, to reach: 1075 in 1935. One notes then a stabilization during several years, then a rate which bends starting from the Années 1970 to reach only 674 unemployed in 1975. Five years later, the Chômage increases with a number of 877 applicants for work.

The executives and intellectual professions are represented on a level very slightly lower than the national average with a rate of 12,9% (against 13,1% on average in France but 22,8% on average regional). The intermediate occupations account for 28,9% of the credits Livryens (25,6% on average regional and 23,1% on average national).
The employees accounted for 32,0% of the inhabitants of the commune (against 29,5% in Ile-de-France and 28,8% in France). Workmen represent more but 19,7% of credits of commune (16,5% in Région Ile-de-France and 25,6% in France), which corresponds to a level higher than the regional average, but with a retreat of 11,7% between 1990 and 1999.

The rate of Livryens having followed higher learning is of 17,9%, against 28,1% on average regional and 18,1% on average in Metropolitan France.

The population of the city corresponds in its globality to the national average but more popular and is formed than the regional average francilienne.

Companies

In 2004, 178 companies were created in Livry-Gargan (on: 8682 on the whole for the department of the Seine-Saint-Denis). The city holds modest a 245e national row thus (whereas it is located at the 172e row for its population) showing a relatively limited economic vitality. The full number of companies on the communal territory rises with 1587.
The city comprises one head office of large company (the regional head office of the company of BTP Eurovia, 56e undertaken department with: 141926000 € of sales turnover).

The majority of the companies belongs to the tertiary sector, in particular the trade (28,2%), the services with the companies (12%), and the private individuals (9,9%), or education, health, the social action (12,4%) and the real activities (3%). Other sectors are however not deprived of activity: construction (18,3%), transport (7%), the industry of the consumer goods (3,7%) or the industry of the intermediate goods (2,2%). Some branches of industry however remain with difficulty: the industry of capital equipment (1,7%), agricultural and food industry (1,4%), auto industry (0,1%) and energy (0,1%).

The commune gathers two hotels: the Hotel “Bell-tower” and “Go Drivers”, and more than one forty restaurants.

Transport

Yesterday

The line of the Egg cups was built on the initiative of Louis-Xavier Gargan in order to serve his factory. Initially limited to the traffic of the goods, the line was opened with the traffic of the travellers in 1875 at the request of the inhabitants of the new district known as of “Gargan” then in full expansion around the factory. At this same date that the “Company of the railroad of Bondy with Aulnay-les-Bondy was created”.

The tram line with vapor of Gargan with Livry functioned of 1890 with 1930 between the station of Gargan and the center of Livry. Until 1914, the line, of three kilometers and six intermediate stops, was traversed in 18 or 19 minutes by 17 daily shuttles. It had its origin with the station of Gargan, and finished street of Meaux, after the crossroads of the street Jean-Jacques-Rousseau. To go from an end to the other of the line, the inhabitants paid 0,65 franc in first class, 0,45 franc in second class, 0,30 franc in third class.

In 1912 the number of transported travellers was of: 353000 to reach: 516000 in 1928. The August 28th 1930, following the repair of the paving of the trunk road, and the exploitation of the line appearing very overdrawn in addition, the municipality decided with the company of the railroads of the East the substitution of Autobus to the train which encumbered the road, and which too frequently caused accidents from where its nickname of “crusher” given by the users and the residents.

The station of Gargan was also one of the termini of the electric trams used by the company of the Railroads nogentais (CFN).

With height of the boulervardd Berteaux and Turgot avenue, the line of the Egg cups was cut by a way built by the company Schaecher and Letellier in order to connect the chalk pit Pit-Maussoin which they exploited with Clichy-sous-Bois with the channel of Ourcq in order to convey their production.

Today

A disconnection of the worms the plate of Clichy - Montfermeil is projected, it would borrow part of the communal roadway system in the district of Gargan as well as the trunk road 3. But this layout causes the opposition of the mayor of Livry-Gargan, seems T it concerned not to put at back residents savagely opposed to this extension near the next municipal expiries. In the middle of the electoral stakes of 2007, the project has on the other hand the support of the Socialists Claude Dilain, Gilbert Roger, Pascal Popelin (assistant with the mayor) as of UMP Xavier Lemoine and Eric Raoult.

The city is also served by the lines of and Noctilien of the RATP, buses TRA (Veolia Transport) lines. A municipal shuttle traverses the city in addition.

The territory of the commune is crossed in all its length (south-western/north-eastern) by the trunk road 3 (Paris - Meaux - Saarbrucken), with four ways of Paris with Claye-Souilly (Seine-et-Marne). The Trunk road 370 from which work began in November 1997, (Ézanville - Aulnay-sous-Bois - Noisy-the-Large) the cross-piece also, in the north-western/south-eastern direction.

The common one adhered to “Association mayors for the defense of the line of the RER B and the promotion of the public transport”, proposal made by Alain Calmat. This association, which counts fifteen communes, claims 500 million euros for the restoration of the line B of the RER, line on which should pass CDG Express starting from 2012.

Parks and green areas

The commune is a city flowered having continuously obtained four with national competition in its category since 1985.

Monuments and places of visit

the church Notre-Dame was built in 1820 with the site of a former building going back to 1697. The bell-tower goes back to 1874. The building, of a very sober architecture and with the walls painted in white, shelters a table of the 17th century, representing the Cène.

the cedar of Lebanon was planted in 1650, in the enclosure of the Large-Cradle, property at the end of the 18th century of Herault de Sechelles. Today, this cedar is not any more the component of a park but a tree isolated downtown full and located in edge from the trunk road 3.

the Lake Sévigné (Boulevard Roger Salengro) is the only vestige of the abbey of Livry.

the old thermal spa (11 allée de Stalingrad) was created by Robert de Vey, heir to the admiral Jacob and mayor of Livry. The station “Sévigné-the-water” exploits the source of the lake Sévigné, but the public is not pressed. The establishment is declared in bankruptcy as of 1878. The former bathrooms were transformed into rooms, then shelter since the Municipal police.

the station of the abbey inaugurated on August 7th 1875 on the line known as of the “egg cups” was threatened of demolition following the transformation of this railway line into Tram-train (Ligne 4 of the Parisian tram). The building was saved by the municipality and should be transformed into cultural center in 2007 after restoration.

falls It from the admiral Jacob is located in the cemetery since the July 3rd 1898, following its transfer of the hillock of the old mill of the abbey where it was initially buried with his demand for 1854. The connected anchors recall that this man was one of the most valorous sailors of the Revolution and the Empire. Benefactor of the commune, it delivered to his death: 100000 francs for the construction of free schools. The city by recognition built a statue with its memory which was inaugurated the August 15th 1891. This statue was removed by the German during the last war and there remains about it only one plate affixed on one of the schools built thanks to its legacy and an anchor posed on the Place Jacob.

the church Saint-Michel , in the district of Gargan, was built in 1965 by Robert Danis. It has polyester walls decorated with François Chapuis.

It should be noted that no monument or natural site of the city is to date classified. The park of the Powder mill is on the other hand the only site classified of the department of Seine-Saint-Denis since 1994; but it extends mainly on the territory from the common neighbors from Sevran, Villepinte and Vaujours. Only a negligible fraction of the park is located on the territory of Livry-Gargan.

Personalities

Other characters lived in Livry: the admiral Jacob, Minister for the marine in 1834 (a school complex and a place bear its name besides); the general Junot, general of the Hussards of the First Empire; but also Xavier Gargan, the creator of the tank car, used during the boring of the Suez Canal. Its name remained attached to that of Livry by the creation of an big industry now disappeared. Other important characters in the history of Livry: Raymond Meyer; Paul Dupont, printer; and Antonin Magne, celebrates cyclist which lived in Livry-Gargan starting from the Années 1910. Today, a street bears its name and a commemorative plaque is dedicated to him. Another universally known sportsman: Alain Calmat, artistic skater (money medal-holder in 1964) and doctor, who is currently mayor of the commune.

Anecdotes

Culture

the museum of local history like the museum of the Marchioness of Sévigné in the castle of the forest (60, avenue du Consul-Général-Nordling). Many temporary exhibitions are organized there.

the public library Rene-Cassin (10, avenue du Consul-Général-Nordling) which places at the disposal of the public funds encyclopedic as well as discs. Exposures are regularly organized there.

the old swimming pool : a made up space versatile rooms dedicated to the associative cultural events.

the arts center Yves Montand (36, rue Eugène-Massé) which proposes workshops of cultural expression and leisures for children and/or adults.

the cinema Yves Montand (36, rue Eugène-Massé) proposes films of author as well as entertainment.

the approved municipal academy of music and dance (41, rue Édouard-Herriot).

the club of failures the Lady of Sévigné (Guy Mollet Manor house, Rond-point of the Thickets), the only one of the city, which holds its name of the Jeu of ladies and the emblematic female figure of the city, the Marchioness of Sévigné.

The department of Seine-Saint-Denis proposes a chart annual culture which for a moderate price offers the access to cheap rate to all the meetings of the cinema and for the spectacles organized by the arts center as well as invitations to previews.

Media

Events

the castle of the forest : each month, the castle of the forest organizes exposures of painting, sculpture or of cartoon proposing a meeting with the artist. Each year, in May, the Living room of the data base is organized in these places.

the tourist bureau : each week, the tourist bureau proposes exits in various theaters or theaters with Paris, or of the leisures: tastings of products soils at certain periods, exposures of painting, the afternoon dancing, etc

the arts center Yves-Montand : each month, the arts center proposes representations of plays traditional and modern.

the library Rene-Cassin : each Wednesday, the library proposes the reading of tales for the children; and each month, it organizes exposures sets of themes.

the appointment of the collectors : each year, towards mid-November, the municipality organizes a gathering of the collectors of all the area: broad bean collections of wafers, samples of perfume, postcards, etc

the departmental Contest of the flowered schools : at the end of November for each year, the prizes winner of the departmental Contest of the flowered schools are rewarded for a distinction and handbooks for gardening.

the sidaction : each year, on December 1st, college A. Boulloche organizes various actions: information, prevention, conference, debate, plays contest, collection of funds.

the Telethon : for a few years, at the beginning of December, the city has taken an active part in Telethon, offering a program festive and varied to collect the maximum of funds for research: animations, market, attractions, the dancing, etc the program is worked out by the Collective of Livryennes Associations for Telethon (CALT).

markets of Christmas : the markets of Christmas take place each year at the market of Jacob and the market of Chanzy.

the contest of the illuminations of end of the year : since 1999, the city organizes the contest of the illuminations of the houses and gardens.

the year of Arménie in France, and in which Livry-Gargan takes part fully, by offering three months of animations and cultural events around this topic.

Livry-Gargan in the literature

Madam de Sévigné remained regularly in her uncle Christophe de Coulanges with the abbey of Livry. She quoted several times the village of then in her work:

The first novel of Faïza Guène, Kiffe kiffe tomorrow , published in 2004 and translated into twenty languages, is held in a city of HLM of Livry-Gargan.

Schools

The town of Livry-Gargan concerns the academy of Creteil. Thanks to the generosity of the Vice-admiral Jacob, Livry builds a very important school complex starting from 1888. In 1902, the Jacob schools counted 184 boys and 108 girls. The school complexes Jacob and Gutenberg (in the past “Abbey”) becoming insufficient to accommodate all the children, other schools were built: “Sévigné-Rougemont” (future school Jean Jaurès). Of 1932 with 1935, other schools transfer the day: “Bayard”, “Gutenberg”, “Vauban”. Livry-Gargan counts two colleges in 2006, but a third establishment will be put in building site beginning 2007 with height of the golf of the Powder mill. December 10th 2006, the first stone of a new free-Armenian establishment was posed (“within the framework of the friendship which reads the two countries”). This establishment will offer an primary and secondary education.

These schools are managed by the General inspection of the departmental inspection of State education, boulevard Roger-Salengro.