“ Liquide ” is also the diminutive of “cash”, i.e. the fiduciary Monnaie (coin and banknotes).

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The phase liquid is a state of the matter. In this form, the matter is easily deformable but with difficulty compressible.

The liquid is a form of Fluide: the molecules are slightly dependant, which makes the liquids perfectly deformable. But, contrary to the Gas, they are dependant all the same: a molecule cannot move away much from another, with the result that the liquid matter has a cohesion that does not have gas (and as in the solid S, the molecules are very close from/to each other, which makes the liquids not easily compressible).

Macroscopic criteria of the liquid state

In a macroscopic state, one characterizes the liquid state by the following criteria:

• the liquid does not have a clean form, it takes that of the container under the effect of the Gravité.

• its face free at rest is plane and horizontal (edges put aside; to see surface Tension)
• the liquid has a clean volume, which changes only with the Température, and in general little.

Examples of liquids

In environmental conditions of temperature and pressure, the following substances are liquid:

• Water liquid
• Oil
• sulphuric Wine
• gasoline
• Acid

Properties

The bodies, according to the conditions of Temperature and Pressure, can be in the form of liquid, of solid Gaz or (see Diagramme of phase). The liquid form corresponds to a form of less energy that the gas (the kinetic energy of the molecules of a liquid is insufficient to break the forces which materialize by the surface tension) but of energy higher than the solid form (contrary to the solid, the kinetic energy of the molecules is enough to make them spontaneously move the ones compared to the others).

Viscosity

A characteristic of the liquids is them Viscosité, which measures the attachment of the molecules the ones with the others - and thus resistance to a body which would cross the liquid. The larger viscosity is, the more the liquid is difficult to cross. There is thus a whole range of intermediate states (paste), which makes the distinction difficult between the liquid and the solid. In fact the best test is that of the rupture: a solid breaks and blowpipe, and the remainder; a liquid is split and resoldered after the disappearance of the cause of rupture, without leaving of another trace that a Onde. The Hélium II (“superfluid”) does not have viscosity of the whole.

Surface tension

The liquids have also a surface Tension, which characterizes inter alia their tendency to form meniscuses on their edges, as well as the various effects of the Capillarité.

Frequent questions

Glass

The Glass is it to regard as a solid, or only one very viscous fluid? The very old panes are thicker in bottom than in top what could suggest than glass runs out slowly downwards. It of it is nothing; the profile in the pear shape of the old stained glasses is not due to the flow of glass during several centuries, but to the manufactoring process. The glassmaker manufactured the glass plate starting from a ball of viscous glass which it put in rotation, to gradually obtain a disc of glass thanks to the centrifugal force. The edge of the disc was then thicker than the center. The glassmaker posed then the plates with the thick edge in bottom for reasons of stability. In the case of the stained glasses, the provision of the plates answered esthetic requirements more, and it is noted as the thick edge of glass can be as well in bottom as in top on the left or on the right. What is true, it is that glass is not Cristal flax (solid organized regularly), but an “amorphous” solid (literally “without form”), in which the position of the molecules is fixed but random, as in a fluid observed at a given time.

The nature of solid of glass is attested by the fact that it propagates the waves S and the waves P, whereas a liquid propagates only the P. waves.

Gel and foams

A liquid imprisoned by a solid matrix is called a Gel. A liquid imprisoning a great quantity of bubbles of gas and in a state of important viscosity is called a foam.

See too

liquid|liquid

• Mécanique of the fluids
• Fusion
• Liquéfaction
• Solidification
• Vaporisation
• Azote liquidates
• Ballottement

Simple: Liquid

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