The lighting is the whole of the means which make it possible the Homme to equip his Environnement with the conditions of luminosity that it considers necessary to his activity or its approval.

History

Sources of Light: prehistory…

The Sun: Well before the appearance of the first man on the Ground, here are about four billion years, our star, which we call the Sun, flooded already Lumière its procession of Planet S. Since, our sphere turns around the Sun in 365 days 6 hours 9 minutes, while rotating and in that it implies us " schedules of éclairage" variables according to the Season S.D'ailleurs, nowadays, the introduction of the summer-time and the hour of winter remains a economic constraint in which the energy share due to lighting is not negligible.

The Flame S exits of Combustion S.

  • the Hearth: The Combustion of materials available directly in nature (Wood, Dung, Peat…)constitute still today a source of lighting for the populations which do not have access of other technologies. Tripod S, Brazier S and others improve the luminosity compared to a Foyer laid out with very the ground.
  • the Oil: Very early after the discovery of the Fire, one finds the trace of the oldest lighting system: the Oil lamp. The oldest oil lamps consisted of a simple hollowed out stone in which a wick soaked. One estimates at 20.000 years before J. - C. the dating of these lamps, it is then probable that they were used by the men of the prehistoric Caverne S.
  • the Candle: The Age of Enlightenment.
  • the Oil lamp became more and more complex until the XVIIIe century while approaching the Oil lamp which will be used at the 19th century, when the oil of Paraffine drawn from the Houille appeared and, later of the Pétrole. Progress of lighting touches many people. The improvement of the oil lamps aims obtaining a greater lighting power and also at improving the stability of the flame. In order to avoid the beats, one carries out a constant flow, according to the principle of the communicating vases while placing the tank at the level of the flame - and either in lower part - it is the vase of Mariotte. One employed especially oils of plants very cultivated like colza, turnip or the eyelet. G.Carcel invents a system of clock industry which actuates a horizontal pump ensuring a good stability of the flame. In 1784, the lamp of Argand has its final form for domestic lighting. They are Argand and Quinquet pharmacist who ensure the marketing of their lamps. The technique of the oil lamps arrives at saturation.
  • At this point in time the stearic Bougie comes to invade the dwellings because of its weak price. Its inventor names Eugene Chevreul. Of course before him the wax candle was known, and in spite of its lighting relatively shining, its price remained too high, to penetrate in the hearths.
  • It is as at the 18th century as lighting with the known Gaz in China since long time, arrived in Occident. This thanks to the principle of the distillation of the coal in a closed enclosure, had with the Scot William Murdoch and French J. - P.Minckelers in 1792, which returns the lamp to gas truly usable. It is after year 1800 that these various techniques face. In 1820, one really attends the industrial production of gas by distillation of the coal, proposed by William Murdock. It is on this date that the gas appears in London. In 1829 the Rue of Peace is the first street of Paris to being fed with gas. There is no doubt that the theoretical studies undertaken between 1800 and 1850 in photometry and Combustion, with the appearance of gas, influence favorably the technical evolution of the lamps.

… with the industrial revolution

The flashlight:

  • arc lamps;
  • Lamp with filament of Carbon;
  • Lamp incandescent with tungsten filaments;

  • halogenous Lamp lamps with the halogens: The halogenous lamps are incandescent lamps. However, they have in addition to the remarkable properties. In the traditional incandescent lamps, the tungsten filament evaporates little by little, depositing a black veil on the internal surface of the bulb; the apparent brightness decreases. In the halogenous lamps, one added for the first time in 1959, in addition to usual gases of filling, the halogens, iodizes or brominates, which collect the tungsten atoms before they reach the wall of glass, then settle on the filament: it is the halogenous regenerating cycle. This reaction halogen-tungsten takes place of as much better than the temperature is high. What explains the shape of the bulbs, short and fine, marrying with more close the filament. But more heat, in a small volume, requires an envelope of glass able to resist more than 600 °C to a pressure from two to three atmospheres. The gas pressure is obtained while plunging, during the filling, the bulbs in liquid nitrogen. Only silica with quartz manages to support these constraints (temperature of softening towards 1020 °C). However the bulb should not be touched in order to avoid any deposit of grease which while crystallizing makes the bulb porous. In order to mitigate this problem, of glasses with dual envelope were created, not requiring less precautions.

  • gas-discharge lamps:
    • the tube Neon;
    • the fluorescent tube;
    • the lamps fluocompactes;
    • lamps with vapor of Sodium. In the sodium vapor lamps, it is the passage of the electric shock in the sodium vapor with low pressure which causes a quasi monochromatic light output located at the beginning of the visible spectrum, towards 589 Nm length of Onde. The sodium vapor lamps low pressure are consisted a long U-shaped tube. That so that the suitable pressure of the vapor is obtained, the wall of the lamp must reach a temperature close to 270 °C, which implies a good thermal insulation. The lamps consist of a tube 8 cm in diameter and 12 cm length. Inside this bulb is an inert gas (neon and argon), to which one added a little metal sodium. This lamp includes/understands a cathode covered with emissive oxides and one or two anodes. The filament constituting cathode is initially carried to incandescence by a heating in alternative course, obtained using a transformer and the tension continues is applied to the anodes. In order to accelerate the heating and to reduce the losses, the bulb is surrounded by a sphere of glass with double wall where the vacuum was made; this sphere protects also the lamp against the shocks. Nowadays, for certain models, lighting is obtained via a pre-heating ordered by a thermal choke, according to the technique implemented for fluorescent lamps. It is this orange type of lamps of color which is often used in public lighting and truck driver.
    • lamps with vapor of mercury. The arc with mercury vapor is produced in a tube of glass length often exceeding 1 meter. It is the American inventor Cooper Hewitt who it first used about 1900 this arc for lighting. They were largely employed formerly for the catch of the cinematographic sights. In the beginning, the mercury discharge lamp functioned only in D.C. current. To make it possible the arc with mercury to function on alternative course, it should be provided with two anodes which function each one during an alternation of the current, the luminous column being always traversed by a current. This kind of lamps can function under various tensions and with frequencies of 25 minimum Hz.
    • photoluminescent lamps.
  • the electroluminescent diodes electronics component emitting of the photons when a current (electric field) electric traverses the junction (standard: silicon).
Biolumine S.

The Luminary

It is the name of the whole of the systems allowing the diffusion light. It is made up:
  • Of an energy supply (cable, tank, etc) sometimes supplemented by an additional system (Transformer ballast or );
  • Of a fixing of the source (Base, drill holder, etc);
  • Of a system of Guide of light and/or reflection (Reflecting, lens, etc).

The current luminaries comprise moreover systems of Protection which must be in conformity with the Réglementation (Mise at the ground, etc).

Formats

Beyond the esthetism, a luminary is also defined by the criteria of the source:
  • Power of the lamp, (certain luminaries accept only one model of lamp, of only one power)
  • Forme of the lamp and position of operation (for example some gas-discharge lamps do not function with the Horizontale)
  • Modèle of casings and bases

Various families of luminaries

  • apparent the
    • Suspended: Gloss, projector;
    • On foot: Standard lamp; flare
    • Out of bracket: Bracket, Console, etc

  • embedded the

    • In the Ceiling, often a False ceiling;
    • In the Wall S.
    • On the ground

The type of lighting

… with the industrial revolution

The flashlight:

  • arc lamps;
  • Lamp with filament of Carbon;
  • Lamp incandescent with tungsten filaments;

  • halogenous Lamp lamps with the halogens: The halogenous lamps are incandescent lamps. However, they have in addition to the remarkable properties. In the traditional incandescent lamps, the tungsten filament evaporates little by little, depositing a black veil on the internal surface of the bulb; the apparent brightness decreases. In the halogenous lamps, one added for the first time in 1959, in addition to usual gases of filling, the halogens, iodizes or brominates, which collect the tungsten atoms before they reach the wall of glass, then settle on the filament: it is the halogenous regenerating cycle. This reaction halogen-tungsten takes place of as much better than the temperature is high. What explains the shape of the bulbs, short and fine, marrying with more close the filament. But more heat, in a small volume, requires an envelope of glass able to resist more than 600 °C to a pressure from two to three atmospheres. The gas pressure is obtained while plunging, during the filling, the bulbs in liquid nitrogen. Only silica with quartz manages to support these constraints (temperature of softening towards 1020 °C). However the bulb should not be touched in order to avoid any deposit of grease which while crystallizing makes the bulb porous. In order to mitigate this problem, of glasses with dual envelope were created, not requiring less precautions.

  • gas-discharge lamps:
    • the tube Neon;
    • the fluorescent tube;
    • the lamps fluocompactes;
    • lamps with vapor of Sodium. In the sodium vapor lamps, it is the passage of the electric shock in the sodium vapor with low pressure which causes a quasi monochromatic light output located at the beginning of the visible spectrum, towards 589 Nm length of Onde. The sodium vapor lamps low pressure are consisted a long U-shaped tube. That so that the suitable pressure of the vapor is obtained, the wall of the lamp must reach a temperature close to 270 °C, which implies a good thermal insulation. The lamps consist of a tube 8 cm in diameter and 12 cm length. Inside this bulb is an inert gas (neon and argon), to which one added a little metal sodium. This lamp includes/understands a cathode covered with emissive oxides and one or two anodes. The filament constituting cathode is initially carried to incandescence by a heating in alternative course, obtained using a transformer and the tension continues is applied to the anodes. In order to accelerate the heating and to reduce the losses, the bulb is surrounded by a sphere of glass with double wall where the vacuum was made; this sphere protects also the lamp against the shocks. Nowadays, for certain models, lighting is obtained via a pre-heating ordered by a thermal choke, according to the technique implemented for fluorescent lamps. It is this orange type of lamps of color which is often used in public lighting and truck driver.
    • lamps with vapor of mercury. The arc with mercury vapor is produced in a tube of glass length often exceeding 1 meter. It is the American inventor Cooper Hewitt who it first used about 1900 this arc for lighting. They were largely employed formerly for the catch of the cinematographic sights. In the beginning, the mercury discharge lamp functioned only in D.C. current. To make it possible the arc with mercury to function on alternative course, it should be provided with two anodes which function each one during an alternation of the current, the luminous column being always traversed by a current. This kind of lamps can function under various tensions and with frequencies of 25 minimum Hz.
    • photoluminescent lamps.
  • the electroluminescent diodes electronics component emitting of the photons when a current (electric field) electric traverses the junction (standard: silicon).
Biolumine S.

Uses of lighting

public lighting

(in progress)

Means and policies of lighting of public spaces.

Lighting of the roadway systems

It is defined by a typology which comprises:
  • the typology of the roadway system (gauge and characteristic of the buildings, pavements, trees, roadways, measurement of circulation, the trade, the residences…
  • the space provision of the luminous points
  • visual and technical characteristics of all the elements of the infrastructure: masts or consoles, luminaries, sources and mirrors, cables, fixings, accessories,…
  • of measurements of the space effect according to photometric criteria (objective measurements and standards) and according to subjective appreciations (individual, social and cultural criteria).
  • a feeder system, a system of maintenance, a management system
  • its infrastructure and exploitation capital cost of the system upstream.

Each urban time of each city can be characterized by a " lighting standard" , heard like the most widespread typology, most economic.

In the Belgian cities since the years 1970, standard lighting represents:

  • a typology adapted to all the types of spaces: lanes, streets, avenues, highways… while exploiting the height of fixing, power these sources, the number of Pt lx,… but with the same overall characteristics and in the same photometric diagram, based on " the chaussée".

  • of fixed lightings every 30 m under the cornices of the houses or on masts, by seeking heights the highest possible, in general 9-12 m in the streets of city, 9 m in shift, 9-15 m on the great urban or highway roadway systems.

The provision in the most economic plan is unilateral, the quincunxes, opposite or alignment exchanges with double fires are necessary for spaces (width between alignments) of more than 12m approximately.

  • of the formed luminaries of an opaque bearing hull and a transparent basin in general retractable for the maintenance of interior volume. This one comprises a source with discharge with sodium high pressure of 150 W on average (50 to 400 W) centered on a mirror " routier" (distribution supporting the uniformity in roadway system), and electric auxiliaries.

The shape, the transparency and the texture of the basin also influence the distribution of the Lumière. The luminous distribution must also take account of the shades of the masts, consoles and accessories (lamp-shades,…). In fine, it makes it possible to measure the factors of dazzling.

Ademe showed, that one could in addition save much (from 35 to 50%) of electricity with comfort of lighting and equal safety with material, schedules, a use and an adequate maintenance of the public lighting.

Normative environment

  • Regulations, for example urban regulations on esthetics and urban furniture
  • Standards, for example standards on the photometric, energy, economic performances of lightings.
  • Concepts associated with the use of the standards, for example classification and hierarchy of the roadway systems, increase in safety.

Urban policy

Analyzes and policies of lighting in relation at the municipal services (town planning, public spaces, green areas,…), with the topics such as the safety of people, circulation, public works, tourism, the culture.

Examples: illuminations of urban festivals, spectacles in the open air, sites and buildings historical, convivial lightings of urban spaces in restoration, social impact of lightings, night images of architectures and Media S contemporaries, plans Light, artistic interventions night, night image of the city;

Economic sectors associated with the infrastructure of public lighting

Specialized manufacturers:
  • sources of light
  • auxiliary and additional mirrors
  • electric, cables and their fixings
  • body of luminaries, masts, consoles or other supports: ironworkers, foundries, moulding of matter thermoplastics, suppliers of masts out of wooden, stone bases,…
  • basins out of glass, polycarbonate, LDC,…
  • paintings, lacquers, completions,…

Specialized trades:

  • undertaken roadway system.
  • designers, engineers, electricians, photometricians.
  • originators Light, town planners, landscape designers, lighting engineers, scenographers.

Administrative management and economic

In Europe, the mission of lighting the cities generally entrusted to the service of work of the municipal authorities, and for the great roadway systems or infrastructures with administrations of the roads.
  • These administrations seldom work in control and delegate a share of their missions to companies generally of public law.
  • These companies are, in Belgium for example, of inter-commune whose share of the capital concerns the sector of electricity, as well as their suppliers and subcontractors.

They exert, according to the cases, in the following fields:

  • to conceive urban lightings on the basis of general impulse (to reinforce, put in white Light,…) communes, or on the basis of precise project (in the case of projects of town planning, more important road works,…)
  • to manage the exploitation, the breakdowns, the emergency interventions on the park of lighting
  • to finance the park of lighting of the public domain.

;

Public lighting - Evolution of the concept (in urban Europe)

With the the Middle Ages, the European cities bathe in quasi a darkness: torches, lanterns or " feux" are used to move, to clarify doors of city, porches and course, the top of turns,…

There is thus no public lighting with the administrative direction of the term (not more than of public space, and hardly of public institutions) but in many cities, ordinances emanating of civil capacities impose the shape of beaconing of the streets, for example while forcing the residents to suspend “burning lanterns and candles” with the windows.

A whole of uses and traditions - bonfires, luminous decorations of the " merry entrées" princes, religious practices,… - animate the cities at the time of events.

At the 17th century, the systematic lighting of the streets of Paris is attested and improves with XVIIIe with the invention of the reverberator.

The first tests of lighting to gas go back to the beginning of the 19th century, just as the first distribution networks (districts and avenues of prestige). After London which lights as of December 1813 the bridge of Westminster, thanks to the first Works gas, Brussels is gradually equipped starting from 1819 to become in 1825, the first town of entirely enlightened Europe to gas.

Basically, the industrial revolution, the urban development and exchanges create the needs for an extension and a municipal management of lightings. Those meet several aims: to make safe urban spaces, to allow the increase in circulation and to decorate the most prestigious spaces (central avenues, Station S, parks and spaces of exposures,…). The Lumière in collective space presents an unquestionable ostentation and the models of standard lamps or suspensions take as a starting point the luminaries of theaters, halls and living rooms; at the same time, the gas revolutionizes (testimonys? paintings of Turner?) the lighting of the rooms of festivals and the coffees and supports certainly the night-work: it is all the urban life which sees its modified cycles, prolonged, intensified.

Starting from the end of the 19th century, public lighting - already standardized with the gas burner - evolves/moves with the first electric sources: the arc lamp allows the lighting of large avenues or roundabouts and the spectacular urban illuminations. The electric sources supplant gas only gradually, with the invention of the bulb with filament and the sources with discharge. At the same time, the architects (Art Déco and functionalist mainly) seize the effects of the artificial Lumière, especially for the expression large canopies (department stores, cinemas, garages Automobile S,…), of publicity (" néons") or of the houses of exposure.

The intensive use of the car will dominate the evolution of public lighting as from the years 1950 which see appearing photometric standards, hierarchical lighting systems, a great extension except city of the enlightened roadway systems and the sources with discharge to sodium increasingly effective and powerful.

Urban lighting is reinforced (in terms of photometric levels and uniformity) in this technological crenel; tourism, the folklore, the traditions (fires of artifices), the spectacles of street involve moreover the development of permanent illuminations (sites and buildings) or occasional (urban festivals).

Starting from the Years 1980, public lighting is seen integrated among the tools of development of the cities and the inheritance, in particular under the impulse of the Plan Lumière of the Town of Lyon (initiated in 1989).

At the same time, it intervenes among the tools for revitalization of territories: commercial and tourist cores, historical centres, districts périurbains. New topics - safety of the pedestrians, cyclists, approval, esthetic integration - complex the field and the standards, whose circulation of the cars is not any more the only object and cause new typologies of lightings (for example: indirect lighting, lighting with two tablecloths height,…). One also notes, in margin of the public interventions, of the forms of public art, the illuminations evolving to interventions of artists (for example: “Land Art” tested in night space; the work of James Turrell).

Industrialist

Of functional origin, industrial lighting must answer the Norme S concerning the lighting of the work stations. This type of lighting is specifically adapted to the buildings where it is installed, where the constraints of volumes, dust contamination and maintenance are particular. In industries where tasks of Mécanique fine are carried out and of precision, as well as the sectors of the electronic , the reinforcements of lighting on the work stations is installed.

The lighting used in the industrial buildings is generally of simple design with a search for effectiveness and of user friendliness, provided with source can consuming in energy, of type fluo or sodium. Certain industrial sectors (chemical in particular) require the use of protected apparatuses. Industries where returned colors is important (printing works) require the use of adapted lamps. Finally certain industrial processes require the use of light outputs particular standard UV or IR in processes of:

  • hardening/polymerization of the resin S,
  • Photochemical acceleration ,
  • heating and drying of Painting,
  • plastic Thermoforming of the matters S,
  • Disinfection and sterilization.

In France, for 1999, lighting accounted for on average 15% of the energy bill of the Industrie S.

of office

The fluorescent lamps are mainly used in the tertiary luminaries of office. Described wrongly like cold, the fluorescent lamps allow, laid out well, an excellent uniformity of illumination. Apparent, suspended or embedded, the lighting of office is often supplemented by auxiliary lamps to meet the need to personalize the quantity and/or the quality of lighting on each work station.

In France, in 1999, lighting accounts for on average 30% of the energy bill of the office buildings.

Commercial

In the purely utility beginning, the commercial lighting became a tool of development and sale.

In France, in 1999, lighting accounts for 23% of the energy bill commercial.

Domestic

kitchens, rooms, stay, bathroom, garden…

Medical and hospital

  • the lighting of the buildings is primarily utility.
  • the lighting of, certain the room operating rooms of examinations and care, as well as the treatment rooms of the dentist's surgeries and the dental prothesists uses lighting equipments adapted (strong levels of illuminations, controls brightnesses, spectrum of the temperatures of color, good IRC, etc)
  • In spite of recent research on the influence of the Lumière in the depressive syndromes, the Luminothérapie is stammering.
  • In France, in 1999, lighting accounts for on average 50% of the energy bill of the health professionals.

Agriculture

agronomy

Certain countries were made a speciality of the culture under greenhouse with temperature and lighting controlled in order to accelerate the process of maturation of the plants. This culture uses lamps emitting in wavelengths specific to the plants.

the breeding

The intensive breeding out of battery of the poultry uses lighting to accelerate the growth by shortening the diurnal/night cycle

Indication and help

Headlight S and beacons, emergency lighting

Arts and leisures

Lighting plays a central role in several artistic activities, in particular in Photographie, with the Cinéma, the Théâtre and in the Spectacles where it is recipient of the setting in scene. One then speaks about artistic Lumière. It can contribute besides to the visual identity of a Publicité or a television program.

Certain performances of Modern art and the Happening S are also entirely conceived starting from an original and sophisticated lighting.

Sometimes it is used to emphasize the historic buildings or the parks and gardens, often within the framework of a spectacle (Its and light).

In all these cases, lighting is ensured by projectors of various types according to the required effects.

Festive lighting

Discotheque, Concert S, family festivals, festivals between friends…

Scenographic lighting

It is the result of all the other principles of lighting and their logical evolution it is an approach conceptual sensitive and technical which is mainly taken again by three professions:

- the lighting engineers who are technicians who carry out a luminous decoration working for choreographers or directors with the theater or all other places likely to accommodate a spectacle, their work consists in working on a space defines the scene, has to make a choice of material according to the needs for the part, finances available, and to take into account the technical constraints of the theaters which will accommodate this spectacle. Their work is done in collaboration with the director, the choreographer and it or the scenographer, over a time which can go from a few days to a few weeks called " répétitions" , then these specific lights to each spectacle will be unceasingly to rehabilitate most accurately possible according to the places or theaters of reception within the framework of a round for example.

- the originator light often resulting from a hybrid training, at the same time artistic and technical, the originators light control the whole of the factors which govern a project of urban and architectural light: development of an original concept conforms to the spirit of the project of architecture or installation, taken into account of the existing night environment, determination of environments and settings in scene, choice of furniture, the lighting equipments and the lamps, respect of the program, the levels of illumination, calculation of the capital costs, taken into account of the technical constraints of food, maintenance and management. They conceive the project of lighting and visually translate it for the associated project superintendent and for the building owner. Within the framework of a mission of Co-control of work, type of a traditional mission of engineering, the originator light develops the project of lighting with the professionals who are associated for him, throughout the various stages of studies, and to the tender documents of companies (D.C.E.). He studies and compares the offers, ensures the follow-up of building site, the coordination of the adjustments of the apparatuses and finally the reception of the installations. He also can, at the request of an owner building to analyze the project of lighting suggested by another originator, a company of lighting or a research department techniques to make a critical diagnosis of it, to coordinate and control the total coherence of an urban great project. He can finally carry out missions of consultance within a multi-field team or for a building owner on certain phases of a project. Its independence with respect to the companies of lighting, manufacturers and suppliers of apparatuses & lamps, like energy producers electric, is the pledge for building, specific project and the choice owner of materials established according to the only photometric requirements, without commercial ulterior motive. Its intervention can thus sometimes prevent the inflation of prescribed apparatuses or consumption. For summary this one works on a space open within a long time in general 15 years (intermediate duration of life for an electrical installation).

- Third profession the director of the photograph or chief operator it is the person in charge of the image (cinema). It ensures a hinge role between the production, the realization and the engineering team. It is at the same time a money man - the photo director must manage a make-ready time which is very expensive, to order material of often expensive lighting, but it is also a creator insofar as it will discuss and work out with the realizer the photographic options of film. The photo director must help the realizer to define the visual climate. And it is not always obvious, because between the technical languages and literary, there can be misunderstandings, great inaccuracies. (Definition of " Michel Baudour") I add that this one works for only one observer the camera, in a short time, the setting time of sight.

Scenography now starts to return to the private individual thanks to the flexibility of new technology of lighting , the reduction of the costs of the house automation and the centralized management of lighting.

Legislation

The French regulation most complete is undoubtedly that contained in the Labor regulation.

Lighting with work

In France, the daylight is obligatory on the work station, of the exceptions are planned for certain professions, the photographic laboratories for example. to see the R.235-1 articles in R.235-3 of the Labor regulation.

Concerning the illumination, the legislation recommends and imposes a certain number of devices aiming adapting the level of illumination to the nature of carried out work and at limiting the eyestrain. See the R.232-7-1 articles in R.232-7-10 of the Labor regulation. Moreover, the legislator distinguishes:

  • concept of quantity of Light, illumination.
the regulation fixes thresholds of illumination on work station. They are expressed in Lux in minimal illumination to maintain and vary according to the nature of the task.
  • concept of quality of lighting.
Where one approaches the uniformity of illumination in a returned room and colors
  • the dazzling.
Aiming adapting the luminaries to the environment and at limiting reflective surfaces.

Recommendations

International agencies such as the Co or French like AFNOR, AFE, INRS fix unquestionable a number of recommendations, to fulfill the requirements.

Lighting and environment

The impact of lighting on the environment is not neutral.

Direct effects

  • Fabrication and recycling
the lamps and tubes of lighting often contain rare earths and particularly toxic Heavy metals and éco-poisons (mercury in particular, bird and being able to be sublimated if the lambes are broken during the collection/recycling). The EU law obliges since 2007 the salesmen and manufacturers to ensure the recycling of the worn lamps and the associated electronics components, at the end of the lifetime or of use.

  • the night illumination can disturb the biological rates/rhythms by putting out of order the internal clocks, of the Man, like fauna and the flora.

When it badly is conceived or badly controlled, it can be:

- source of harmful effects ( “intrusive light” at the residents, grésillements awkward, embarrassment for the astronomical observation, circulation or or aerial navigation (lasers, guns with light)
- source of risk and danger; D Fire, of electrocution, Accident following dazzling or of release of epileptic fits under certain stroboscopic lightings, etc)
- source of luminous Pollution, with impacts immediate or differed for the night Environment.

Indirect effects

The energy expenses of lighting, to 100% of electric origin, have important environmental consequences from their mode of production. Lighting thus takes part in the emissions of CO2, gas with greenhouse effect, and contributes to the climate change.

In 1999 in France, one evaluates the consumption of lighting with 40 TWh per annum, all branches of industry confused. It is interesting to note that 12% are ascribable with industry, and 63% with the tertiary sector. That accounts for 11,9% (all confused sectors, including residential) of produced electricity!

Consumption is distributed as follows:

  • Residential: 10 TWh (25%)
  • Industry: 5 TWh (12,5%)
  • Local government agencies (of which public lighting): 5 TWh (12,5%)
  • Trade: 8 TWh (20%)
  • Offices: 5 TWh (12,5%)
  • Health: 3 TWh (7,5%)
  • Teaching, sport, culture, leisures: 3 TWh (7,5%)
  • Coffees, hotels, restaurants: 1 TWh (2,5%)

In spite of encouragements to the savings of electricity and a notable improvement of the energy efficiency of 1999 to 2004, final consumption continues to increase in Europe (UE-25). The low lamps consumption are used more and more, but external lighting develops. According to the Joint Research Center (JRC) of the EU, by 2005 to 2006, consumption increased in the UE-25 in all the sectors and in particular in the tertiary sector where lighting (of day often) is the first stations of electricity consumption, 175 TWh consumed per annum and 26% of total electricity consumption of the tertiary sector. (+ 15,8%). The lamps consume individually rather less, but they have been increasingly numerous for 50 years.

See too

Related articles

Candela - Candelabrum - Illuminating engineering - luminous Halation - Index of returned color - Lamp - Lumen - artistic Light - Luminothérapie - Lux - Plane light - luminous Pollution - Projectors (spectacle) - Temperature of color

External bonds

  • http://eclairagepublic.free.fr
  • http://phozagora.free.fr
  • Photographs of neons of carparks

General practitioner

  • Light' S Ploughing' S Lost - Policies for Energy-efficient Lighting , 560 pages, ISBN 92-64-10951-X, 2006 (See (International agency of energy)
  • Site of the AFE
  • Trade union of the manufacturers of material
  • Site of the CERTU - Center of Studies on the networks, transport, town planning and public constructions

Lighting with work

  • Site of the INRS
  • Work of Dr. Muller on the site of the AIMT 67

Environment

  • Site of the ADEME
  • National association for the Protection of the Night sky

History of lighting

  • Historical of public lighting in France
  • Lamps acetylene and carbide lamps
  • Lamps of Mine and mining lighting
  • site perso (History of sciences) CNAM

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