The term Liberty ship indicates the built cargo liners masses some with the the United States during the Second world war, after the declaration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the summer 1940, affirming the will of the the United States to be the arsenal of the free world, and obtaining the Congress, in March 1941, of the law Lend-Lease to help the United Kingdom to finance acquisitions.
History
The purpose of these cargo liners were to supply the allied forces, when the Bataille of the Atlantic (1939-1945) directed and delimited all the possible future battles of Europe.
They were with low costs of production and rapids to be built. They became the symbol of the power of the industry of war of the the United States.
Based on ships ordered by the the United Kingdom to replace boats torpedoed by the Underwater S German, they were bought by the fleet American to be rented and placed at the disposal of the British fleet within the framework of the law Lend-Lease. Sixteen shipyards American built 2 751 Liberty ships between 1941 and 1945, which makes of it the model of boat more produced in the world. The first open building site was in Richmond in Bay of San Francisco, then in Vancouver, WA, and Vancouver, BC, and then everywhere, of the Gulf of Mexico to the " Maritimes" provinces; Canadian of the New Brunswick and the New Scotland the such Shipyard ADDSCO of Mobile.
Contrary to an generally accepted idea, Liberty ship are not all of the Sister-ship. It was built of Liberty ship of various sizes. The systemic engineering of the modular design allowed the deployment of a multitude of versions different from the same model with the maximum of simplicity. The version new and improved of the " Liberty ship" was the " Victory ship" who sacrificed rusticity and simplicity to the profit of comfort and the performance, as the successive versions of the Volkswagen Coccinelle and the Citroen 2CV, with the wire of time. With the modular design in series started by the " Liberty Ships" , one cannot speak any more about " jumelles" or " Sister-ships" who related to construction " with the pièce". The name of " Liberty ship" was given by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, by quoting the sentence of Patrick Henry (revolutionary American) " Give Give me liberty but me death". One of the first vessels of the series had the name of " S Patrick Henry" and the following was so numerous that they had nothing any more but one number, like the 42e street with the 5th avenue of Manhattan, New York City.
Cyril Thompson, the emissary of Churchill for the contract of purchase, was contacted by Henry J. Kaiser (Henry John Kaiser) who will be known later for the automotive engineering from of which “Henry J” of the Fifties and especially the “civil Jeep” of the Sixties and its alternatives, as well as the military vehicles derived. Kaiser formed a work force (Task force) multidisciplinary by taking in hand the production whose product is less important than the technology of series production of the boats on the model of industry auromobile, in this epopee.
It is engineering Systémique, taken again by the Japan of the post-war period in naval construction in series, on a design (design) basic which can be spread in a crowd of alternatives. Thus, Japanese naval construction made close many shipyards of America and Europe in the Sixties, before passing the hand to the Korea in the Seventies to devote itself to the car, electronics and optics, more advantageous and less consuming matter and energy. This systemic engineering of the Forties is the direct ancestor of the industrial Cybernétique which will give later the techniques of management of the PPBS (Planning, Programming, Budgeting System) translated into French in “Planning programming budgeting system” (RCB), of “Critical Paths Method” (CPM) translated into French under the name of “Method of the Critical paths” and of PERT (Program Evaluation, Review Technic) translatable in the French culture by the following idea: “To avoid the Traditional Delays”. They are management sciences in the coordination of a multitude of activities different from several companies to arrive at the common goal. The European example most recent of this systemic engineering is the Airbus A380 makes modules come to Toulouse from various factories from Europe.
Systemic engineering
It is in the interactions between Goal-Environment-Function-Structure through loops of correct negative feedbacks, atténuatrices of the deviances. Images of the general configuration: http://www.marinersinternational.com/end_of_an_era.html
Goal
To build more Tonnage that destroyed by the forces Nazis during the crossing. It results from it also a Operations research.
Environment
It is composed of the environment of use and that of production of the installations and technologies available: where for building ships, it was necessary to build building sites and to invent a new technology of naval engineering starting from assembly lines in series coming from auto industry. The environment of use is at the same time the crew which operates the machine and the formation in defensive convoy where safety lies in the great number of ships for the crossing. (like the fish benches and the herds of herbivores vis-a-vis the predator). To protect the convoys, it was necessary to design and produce corvettes smaller and less expensive than the Destroyer S and Porte-avions of escort for the aerial cover in a " System " coherent of materials easy to produce quickly and low costs, in all cohesion of the components. These corvettes were a Canadian speciality, like the HMCS " Blueberry".These escort carriers were mainly cargo liner S and Pétrolier S converted with haste with the addition of a bridge of take-off-landing and a castle of navigation off-set on the side to release the space of the bridge. Elevators gave an direct access with the holds and compartments for the storage and the maintenance-repair of embarked aviation. These conversions were the simplest solution, fastest and cheapest with an urgent problem posed with the systemic engineering where the elegance of the operation is in the simplicity of the cost-performance ratio.
To supplement the table, one needed a Minesweeper for hull out of wooden not to explode the magnetic mines on the way of the convoy organized like a system around Liberty ship. Most famous of these minesweepers will be, later, the Calypso of the Commander Cousteau.
The merchant navies (Merchant Marine) allied paid a heavy tribute, often ignored, in these convoys.
Function
It consists in transporting the largest variety of Cargaison S possible: engines and tanks to the planes and the trucks. The speed of 11 nodes is less important than the versatility, the regularity and reliability. This variety of cargoes went from the configuration in the tanker to that of transport of troops with a minimum of installations of detail.
Structure
It simplest, are tested and most evolutionary possible starting from the constraints of the goal, the environment and the function. The structure is composed of 3 groups of elements: hull, propulsion and navigation.
- the hull is composed of one central part to which are added the Proue (before) and the poop (back). Thus, the evolution can be carried out just by simply lengthening the central part of one or several sections, without another modification. The first hulls had defects of youth in the ignorance of the structural problems of fracture and in the bad weldings by bubbles of air. " The imperfection pushes with the progrès" (Flaminio Bertoni) and the radiographic first scanners were invented to detect these bubbles of air, detection with the sound of the blows of hammer proving to be insufficient.
- the propulsion is ensured by a Steam engine simple using fuel oil. Reliable and robust, coupled with only one Propeller.
- the Navigation is ensured of a “castle” placed at the medium or 3/4 back to give access to the loading of 3 holds fronts and one or two hold (S) back (S). To avoid the dependence with respect to the harbor installations, they are gréés of their own tackles of lifting (masts of loading and unloading).
The result is a “appropriate response” with the constraints of the goal, environment, function and structure.
To the construction of the object the staff training for the construction and the use of the object corresponds, like for its maintenance and its repairs. The crew of such a ship is composed of 45 marine and 35 artillerists for defense.
He follows a modular design in series per welding (instead of the traditional riveting of the panels, with the part in Cale dries). The modules are built by a constellation of workshops peripheral and transported to the building site for the final assembly in series. The construction of the modules follows the same process starting from the submodules and so on, of system in subsystem, until the under-under-system.
With this series production of the material a professional training in series of the crews is joint. From 6 months it is brought back to 6 weeks. This reduction of the time of formation was carried out by the systemic techniques of “teaching by objectives” and the “programmed learning” (clarified in Psychopédagogie) of a “educational technology” (Educational Technology) being born in the Forties and became ripe in the Sixties near the anglophone countries mainly.
The inversion is the passage of teaching by contents to teaching by objectives. The systemic prospect is that to start with the end, i.e. by the objective which is the statement of competences to be acquired by learning. Starting from the definition of the objective is configured or structured the whole of the methods, means and ways to achieve this goal whose temporal dimension is the time.
This systemic engineering also refers to the production of the machine and the staff training to produce and use this machine. This systemic engineering (systems engineering) is sometimes known under the name of Ingénierie of the systems in literal translation, like " politically correct" (politically correct) instead of " straightness politique".
This systemic engineering of the Complexe militaro-industrialist of the Forties developed and generalized in a ecosystemic Approche which is a methodology with broad spectrum of applications in sciences and technology.
This systemic engineering is a node of tangles of interlacings (cum-plexus) of engineering of the physical processes of the matter informed or formatted with collateral energy, of engineering of the psychic processes of the thought and the training and of engineering of the social processes of the social relations. Systemic engineering is, then, the resultant of these 3 forms of engineering.
The social engineering of the Forties became the public administration in the common language of today. Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead spoke about it in connection with the social change and the City-State of Singapore makes use of it for social stability in a precarious balance between the communities Chinese, Indian and faintness which constitute it.
This social engineering, on the domestic face (home face), is in the massive entry in the building sites of the women and the Afro-Américain S which, of invisible minorities, became a visible majority, with valid men on the frontline. A woman said to work to make more quickly return her man and an Afro-American to make like everyone and on the same basis, at one moment when the racial segregation and sexual was of rigor. It was a social change of very great width. This segregation becomes fully understandable with the English ideology of the equal and separated lives, like the clubs for " gentlemen" and others for " ladies" and " regiments of comté" of antan and like the " Communautarisme " Cultural diversity of today, in contrast with the Jacobinism centralizing French of the homogeneity. The tradition jacobine of the Monolinguisme against the other languages goes back to the speech of Barère at the Committee of Public Hello.
Post-war period
With returned peace, Liberty ships continued to serve the Démocratie, by nourishing Europe and by providing him material for its rebuilding with the Marshall plan. Paradoxically, Lorient, home base of the submarines Nazis, became the point of arrival of Canadian corn and the heavy material of the United States, like engines 241 (2 direct wheels with front, 4 driving wheels in the center and 1 wheel carrying with the back on each side) new to replace the destroyed material. This time, systemic engineering refers to the Logistique transatlantic transport and distribution on Western Europe.
To the return, these Liberty ships transported towards the United States and the Canada the immigrants and the refugees of Europe devastated to the 3/4 towards America which held the 3/4 of the world richness. Starting from this point in France the idea was born from " cocacolacolonisation" for the Marshall plan of an American imperialism. In Germany, in contrast, it was the idea of rescue and safeguard of the democracy which justifies the name of Liberty ship. This Franco-German divergence is still expressed in the new book of history Franco-German, common in the schools of these two countries.
To reconstitute its merchant navy, the French government accepted 75 buildings which it could rent with ship-owners. Other allied countries accepted also their quota of Liberty ships, which were not perceived like a gesture imperialist. These buildings had had several lives, of the Guerre of Indo-China to the Guerre of Algeria, where they were requisitioned, the summer 1962, to evacuate in mass, of Algiers and Oran, the repatriates of Algeria.
In the Fifties, they transported towards the United States of Renault " Dauphine" who were not sold, because one had forgotten to join to these cars their spare parts, their repairers and their salesmen, in the Cartesian spirit elementarist, contrasts about it with the systemic engineering of design-production-distribution, with the commercial system of sale-maintenance-repair.
The last Liberty ship, built in September 1945, is still used like industrial barge for the flotillas as fishing in Alaska.
With the tenth rank behind the Romania, like military power in 1940, the United States became the 1st industrial power in 1945 with the systemic engineering of Liberty ships, where the speed of construction and the industrial mobilization of all the sectors were the most powerful argument of propaganda and publicity which spread the Anglo-American culture and the language in the world.
Like Aristote Onassis, ship-owners began their fortune by buying of Liberty ships surplus of the inventories to make Cabotage before launching out in oil transport.
See too
Internal bond
External bond
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model to the 1/350 of the " Jeremiah O' Brien"
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