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In Physical of the particles, the électrofaible interaction , also called électrofaible force , is the unified description of two of the four fundamental interactions of nature, namely the electromagnetism (called electrodynamic quantum in its quantum version ) and the weak Interaction. These two forces however appear very different with our scale from energy: the electromagnetic force known as of is carried infinite because one can easily observe it with the macroscopic scale while the weak force has an influence only with the microscopic scale on the level of the atomic nucleus. The électrofaible theory predicts however that if one observes phenomena with energies about the électrofaible scale with knowing GeV then both interactions mix resulting in the électrofaible interaction.
More in details the électrofaible theory is a Quantum theory of the fields based on a Groupe of gauge . is the group of gauge corresponding to the weak interaction whose bosons of gauge are the bosons W and the Boson Z while the group of gauge of the electrodynamics, whose boson of gauge is the Photon, is a combination of with a group called group of Isospin.
When the scale of energy of the observations is weaker than the électrofaible scale a dissymmetry appears between electromagnetism and weak interaction via a spontaneous crack of électrofaible symmetry generated by the Mécanisme of Higgs. During this process a scalar Champ called Boson of Higgs which is charged under the group with gauge acquires a nonnull median value in the vacuum (in the same manner that a ferromagnetic body acquires a nonnull Aimantation spontaneously when the Température is sufficiently weak). Because of this freezing of boson of Higgs the majority of bosons of gauge of the theory become massive (what is the reason why the weak interaction is with short range) and the Photon remains the only boson of gauge with a null mass. Thus, with low energy, only electromagnetism is easily detectable.
For their contributions to the unification of the weak and electromagnetic interactions between the elementary particles, Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg obtained the Nobel Prize of Physics in 1979.
See too
electroweak interaction is the unified description off two off the furnace Fundamental interaction S off natural: Electromagnetism and the Weak interaction. Although thesis two forces appear very different At everyday low energies, the theory models them different ace two aspects off the same force. Above the unification energy, one the order off 102 GeV, they would merge into has individual electroweak force .
Mathematically, the unification is accomplished under year '' KNOWN '' (2) × '' U '' (1) gauge group. The corresponding gauge Bosons are the Photon off electromagnetism and the W and Z bosons off the weak force. In the Standard Model, the weak gauge bosons get to their Farmhouse from the Spontaneous symmetry breaking off the electroweak symmetry from KNOWN (2) × U (1) Y to U (1) em, caused by the Higgs mechanism (see also Higgs boson). The subscripts are used to indicate that thesis different are copies off U (1); the generator off U (1) em is given by Q = Y /2 + I 3, where Y is the generator off U (1) Y (called the Hypercharge), and I 3 is one off the KNOWN (2) generators (has component Isospin off). The distinction between electromagnetism and the weak force arises because there has (nontrivial) linear combination off Y and I 3 that vanishes for the Higgs boson (it is year eigenstate off both Y and I 3, so the coefficients may Be taken ace − I 3 and Y ): U (1) em is defined to Be the group generated by this linear combination, and is unbroken because it doesn' T interact with the Higgs.
For contributions to the unification off the weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979. The existence off the electroweak interactions was experimentally established in two training courses: the first being the discovery off neutral currents in neutrino scattering by the Gargamelle collaboration in 1973, and the second in 1983 by the UA1 and the UA2 collaborations that involved the discovery off the W and Z gauge bosons in proton-antiproton collisions At the converted Super Proton Synchrotron.
See also
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