Leon X

See also: Jean de Médicis

Second wire of Laurent Splendid the and Clarisse Orsini, Jean of Médicis (in Italian: Giovanni di Lorenzo de Medici ) was born the December 11th 1475 with Florence and died in Rome on February 1st 1521. It was Pape under the name of Leon X (in Latin Leo X , in Italian Leone X , or Leon X ) of 1513 with 1521.

Very young person, his/her parents intended it at the ecclesiastical state. It had as a tutor the humanistic poet Ange Politien, accepted the tonsure in 1482, then knew a series of promotions due to the capacity and the richness of his parents. In 1483, it was named apostolic Protonotaire by Sixte IV. It accepted in 1486 celebrates it Abbaye of the Mount-Cassin, founded by Benoît de Nursie itself, in Commende.

Cardinal

In 1489, whereas it was only 13 years old, it accepted the pink hat of cardinal of the hands of Innocent VIII. It had nevertheless to abstain from carrying the badges of its dignity until in 1492. This year, it took part in the Conclave which carried to the throne Rodrigo Borgia under the name Alexandre VI, election to which the Médicis cardinal was savagely opposite.

After the election, it turned over to Florence, where his/her father had just died. Its family was expelled of the city in 1494, and it had itself to flee, equipped in Franciscain. It carried out a life of dilettante then, preserving however personal manners more reserved than those of his cardinal colleagues. The disease of Jules II, in 1511, having given him the idea to stand as a candidate to his succession. The same year, it was names legate with Bologna and in Romagna. In 1512, whereas it remained with the pontifical army, it was made prisoner following the Bataille of Ravenne. It succeeds in escaping, whereas its family regained the capacity with Florence.

The February 21st 1513, Jules II died and Jean of Médicis was elected pope the March 11th 1513, under the name of Leon X.

Pope

Leon X proved to be a large guard of arts. He made nowadays work for him Raphaël, which painted its portrait, with the Galerie Pitti of Florence. Raphaël also completed the rooms ( stanze ) of the pontifical palate ordered by Jules II. It orders a critical edition of Dante and constituted a large collection of manuscripts. In addition, it began its reign by a series from great festivals and rejoicings which quickly wasted the fortune left by Jules II. Leon X then had recourse to the traditional method of papacy, the creation of offices and dispensation of Indulgence S. Under its reign was held the Reuchlin business. Jean Reuchlin, author of a grammar of the Hebrew, and supported by the humanistic ones of the time, faced the Inquisition about the Talmud. In 1515, Leon X takes party in favor of the scientist. It is surrounded by friends of Érasme and appears accessible to the novel ideas.

See also: Protestant Reform

It is accordingly that Martin Luther, in August 1518, dedicated its Resolutiones to him. Hitherto, Leon X had hardly been concerned with this obscure theologist. Nevertheless, this one was already shown of Hérésie. Leon X sent in October to him a apostolic Légat, the cardinal Thomas Cajetan, general of the Dominicain S, with the diet of Augsburg. Luther refused to retract. Leon X continued in the way of the diplomacy by charging a German knight, Carl von Militz, to negotiate a reconciliation. These attempts at conciliation held more of the policy that theology, for which Leon X did not have great affinity. The pope wanted then to spare Frederic Wise the and to prevent, if possible, the future Charles Quint to be elected emperor of the Holy roman Empire. In 1519, a waste of time and effort, the grandson of the emperor Maximilien I {{er}} was elected. Leon X returned then to the theological questions. During this time, Luther had become the champion of the German nation. The June 15th 1520, Leon X fulminated the bubble Exsurge Domine , summoning Luther to retract. It was burned in public place the evening of Christmas. The January 3rd 1521, it was excommunicated. It had several children with several mistresses. Leon X died shortly after this failure.

The Concordat of Bologna was also signed on August 18th, 1516, at the time of the Ve council of Lateran, with the King of France François Ier.

Quotation

An answer much was repeated that Leon X would have made the cardinal Pietro Bembo: “Unmemorable time is known how much this fable Christ was advantageous to us. ” ( All old advantageous edge testifie enough howe that nostric fable off Christe hath Ben to custom and our companie sometimes quoted in Latin Quantum nobis that ea of Christo confabulated profuerit, satis is bus seculis notum )

Those which quote this sentence plead sometimes like source Jean Pic of Mirandole, but without precise reference. It seems that the attribution of this blasphemy with Leon X goes back to John Basle (1495-1563), English author anticatholic (John Basle, The Pageant off Popes , ED. 1574, p. 179).

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