Leishmania

Leishmania is one of Protiste near to the Trypanosome S, and is a parasitic responsible for a disease, the Leishmaniose. Phlebotomus in the Old World, and off the genus Lutzomyia in the New World. Primary They hosts has Vertebrate; Leishmania commonly repugnant Hyrax be, Canid S, Rodent S, and Human S. Leishmania currently affects 12 people million in 88 countries.

Leishmania concealments cuts two morphological forms: promastigote (with year anterior flagellum) in the insect host, and amastigote (without whipped) in the vertebrate host. Infections are regarded ace cutaneous, mucocutaneous, but visceral:

  • Cutaneous (localized and diffuses) infections appear ace obvious skin reactions. The most common is the Eastern Sore (caused by Old World species L. major , L. tropica , and L. aethiopica ). In the New World, the most common culprits are L. mexicana and L. (Viannia) braziliensis . Cutaneous infections are most common in Afghanistan, Brazil, Iran, Peru, Saudi Arabia and Syria.

  • Mucocutaneous (espundia) infections will start off ace has reaction At the cock, and edge go fatal Metastasis into the mucous membrane and become. Mucocutaneous infections are most common in Bolivia, Brazil and Peru.

  • Visceral infections are often recognized by fever, weight loss, swelling off the liver and spleen, and Weakened. They local are known by many names, off which the most common is probably Kala azar , and are caused exclusively by species off the L. donovani complex ( L. donovani , L. infantum syn. L. chagasi ). Visceral infections are most common in Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal and Sudan.

Important year aspect off the Leishmania protozoan is its Glyconjugate to bush-hammer liphosphoglycan off (LPG). This is held together with has phosphoinosite membrane anchor, and has tripartite structure consisting off has lipid domain, has neutral hexasaccharide, and has phosphrorylated galactose-mannose, with has termination in has neutral course. Not only C the little unfriendlies not develop post-phlebotomus digestion drank, it is thought to Be essential to oxidative bursts, thus allowing passage for infection. Chararacteristics off digestion include year Endosome fusing with has Lysosome, releasing acid Hydrolase S which degraded DNA, RNA, proteins and Carbohydrates.

Treatments off the disease generally involve has solution containing Antimony, which is toxic. With solution which station-wagons down the LPG is also form off treatment being looked At has. Those who feel they are infected should seek immediate attention. Transmission is mainly through the cock off sand flies goal also through needle-sharing by drugs users. Most At risk are humans infected with HIV, canines and rodents.

The origins off Leishmania are has well thought out subject. Theories vary. One propose year African orgin, with migration to the Americas. Another migration from the Americas to the Old World butt 15My ago, accross the Bering Strait Land bridge. Another propose has palaearctic origin. Such migrations would entail successive migration off vector and tank but adaptations along the way. With more recent migration is that off L. infantum from Mediterranean countries to Latin America (there named L. chagasi ), since European colonization off the New World, where the parasitic picked up its current New World vectors in their respective ecologies. This is the causes the epidemics now off obvious. Recent One New World epidemic concerns foxhounds in the USA. -->

Species

There are many different species, among which:
  • Leishmania aethiopica
  • Leishmania amazonensis
  • Leishmania arabica
  • Leishmania archibaldi
  • Leishmania aristedes
  • Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis
  • Leishmania chagasi
  • Leishmania (Viannia) colombiensis
  • Leishmania deanei
  • Leishmania donovani
  • Leishmania enriettii
  • Leishmania equatorensis
  • Leishmania forattinii
  • Leishmania garnhami
  • Leishmania gerbili
  • Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis
  • Leishmania herreri
  • Leishmania hertigi
  • Leishmania infantum
  • Leishmania killicki
  • Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni
  • Leishmania major
  • Leishmania mexicana
  • Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi
  • Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis
  • Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana
  • Leishmania (Viannia) pifanoi
  • Leishmania (Viannia) shawi
  • Leishmania turanica
  • Leishmania tropica
  • Leishmania venezuelensis
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