Left armed in Brazil

the left armed in Brazil , according to certain opinions, practically started when the revolutionary socialism borrowed the empirical methods of the political terrorism of the Spanish Anarchiste S , Portuguese and Italian which had founded, at the beginning of the XXe century, the first Syndicat S of the country.

Russian Revolution and Anarchism

Victory of the Russian revolution of 1917 have a great effect on the Brazilian left. This victory inserted the Brazilian anarchists in one period of revision of their ideological values.

One started to think that anarchism was unable to modify the social structure radically. People of left of Brazil, to the origin of formation anarchists, followed the Russian experiment, which, in their eyes was a new paddle for the social revolution. Anarchistic chiefs have, then, adhered to the Communisme and dedicated themselves to the study of works of Karl Marx and Lénine.

In April 1922, took place, with Rio de Janeiro, the communist congress of Brazil. The result of this congress was the unification of the communist groups scattered in the country with the foundation of the Communist party of Brazil - Brazilian Section of the International Communist (Comintem).

Since the foundation of the party, the major option of much of Brazilian Communists was the revolutionary way for socialism, i.e. the seizure of power of violent form. This project appeared more concrete after adhesion with the Party of the known chief “tenentist”: the captain Luiz Carlos Prestes.

In 1935. with the “Intentona comunista” (communist attempt at mutiny), place had the first attempt of the revolutionary left to seize the power by violence. The revolt, badly prepared and badly carried out, was used only to shake the fragile democratic institutions and to prepare the way for the installation of the State Nouveau by Getulio Vargas.

Political toughening in the years 1960

Even after being overcome in 1935, the Communist militants continued to dream of the revolution and the seizure of power. According to the Communists, after the Russian Revolution and the Chinese Revolution, Brazil was intended to be the theater of the third great socialist revolution of the century.

Francisco Julião and the Country Leagues

In January 1961, the leader of the Country Leagues, Francisco Julião, visited the Popular republic of China in a Brazilian lawyer delegation, between whom Sinval Pereira, militant of the PCB, and Aguiar Dias, Minister for old the Course Federal of Call. With Beijing, Julião held a confidential meeting with Chinese leaders who, speaking in the name of Mao Tse-tung, made him a tempting proposal: to involve the militants of the Country Leagues to the Military academy of Beijing. Julião returned to Brazil and began the preparations to form the group. Three Chinese agents came to Brazil, especially indicated to deal with the Leagues. The plans, however, last being suspended because of the political crisis which followed the resignation of the president Jânio Quadros.

The leaders of the Country Leagues thought of passing five or ten years to organize the rural masses for the aforementioned “alliance workman-peasants” which was regarded as essential for the future socialist revolution in Brazil. In March 1961, Jose Felipe Carneado Rodríguez, member of the Central committee of the Cuban Communist party came to Brazil with for mission of inviting the chiefs of the Brazilian peasants to celebrate the 1º May with Havana, and to assemble to them the agrarian revolution made by the government castrist. He was lodged with Recife at Clodomir Morais. The delegation ends up exceeding the number initially envisaged and counted 122 names. In addition to the Britannia , the official plane of the cuban presidency, it came a DC-4 extra to transport the Brazilian guests of Castro.

During the festivals of the 1º May 1961, with Havana, Francisco Julião had its second interview with Fidel Castro (the first had been in March 1960 when Julião belonged to the continuation of the candidate to the presidency Janio Quadros, in visit with Cuba). It was during this commemoration that Fidel declared the character socialist of the revolution cuban and that one heard for the first time the Internationale endorsed officially for a government of the American continent.

In July 1961, thirteen militants of the Country Leagues arrived at Cuba to receive a military training there. Between them, Adalto Freire da Cruz, Paraíba, member of the committee of the PCB of the Pernambouc, which was indicated as commander of the group; Amaro Luiz de Carvalho, militant of the PCB and raises course Stalin; Adamastor Bonilha, militant of the PCB, and Joaquim Mariano da Silva, also militant of the PCB.

The thirteen militants were lodged with the barracks of Manágua, with 30 kilometers in the south of Havana. The greatest part had made the obligatory military service in Brazil and could handle the weapons well.

After having drawn up an official report between the Country Leagues and the Cuban Revolution, the lawyer Francisco Julião would be the man of the Organization of the Masses (OM) and Clodomir de Morais, the man of the Political organization (OP).

The plan of the Brazilian left was that the Country Leagues would begin the rural guérrila in Brazilian north and the North-East at the same time of the blossoming of revolutionary movements in Colombia and in Venezuela.

It is affirmed that Che thought of being established in Amazonia to thus link the guerillas of the three Latin-American countries.

Around November 1961, one started to carry out a politico-soldier project of the Country Leagues. Francisco Julião traversed the country inviting the militants of the PCB to adhere to the armed struggle. The chief of the country revolt of Formoso (GO), Jose Porfírio de Souza, was invited by Julião to be the military instructor of the guerilla.

The actions of Julião, however, finished in scandal. November 27th, 1962, a plane of the Varig ran up against a mountain near Lima (Peru). Among the victims, there was the President of the National Bank of Cuba, Raúl Cepero Bonilla. In his case, one found a report/ratio which one allotted to Carlos Franklin Paixão de Araújo and Tarzan of Castro, militants of the Leagues of Goiás, showing Julião and Clodomir Morais of diversion of the funds received for the guerilla.

One as said as the report/ratio (which was not revealed) gave details on delays in the preparation, the inexistence of infrastucture for the drive with the guerilla, the precarious character and deficiencies on the political plans and soldiers. One also described, in detail, the festivals where the resources were spent sent to the guerilla rural.

The report/ratio found on Cepero was transmitted to the CIA and the Peruvian ambassador in Brazil, César Echecopar Herce, gave a copy from there to the governor of the Estado da Guanabara, Carlos Lacerda, which began a virulent campaign in the press against the cuban interference in Brazil.

The division of the Communist party of Brazil, the PC C B

Denounce Khrouchtchev against the Stalinisme, with the XX Congress of the Communist party of the Soviet Union caused an internal crisis in practically all the Communist parties of the world and also influenced the PCB which since 1960 had changed its name of Communist party of Brazil for the Brazilian Communist party.

In February 1962, all the members still related to Stalinism were expelled of the PCB: Diógenes de Arruda Câmara, João Amazonas de Souza Pedroso, Pedro Ventura Araújo Pomar, Maurício Grabois, Miguel Batista back Santos, Jose Maria Cavalcanti, Jose Duarte, Angelo Stream E Orlando Piotto. They founded the PC C B.

The armed struggle against the military regime of 1964

With the military coup d'etat of 1964 and the progressive hardening of the soldiers, it did not remain any more with the left but to begin its activities of guerilla armed urban and rural in order to reverse the dictatorship.

In the proper army, some persecuted soldiers organized MNR - Movimento nationalista revolucionar, the group which, the first, made opposition armed to the new mode.

In parallel, the left organizations as POLOP- Política Operária were at the origin of groups each time more radical.

Among the groups of left which were devoted to the armed struggle with more or less width, we have:

Ação Libertadora Nacional - ALN: Action of national release
Commando of Libertação Nacional - Colina: Command of national release
MCR - Movimento Comunista Revolucionar - MCR: Revolutionary communist movement
Movimento peeled Emancipação C Proletariado - MEP: Movement for the emancipation of the proletariat
national Movement of libertação - Molipo: Liberation movement main road
Movimento Revolucionário 8 of Outubro|Movimento Revolucionário 8 of Outubro - MR-8: Revolutionary movement October 8th
Partido communista brasileiro revolutionar - PCBR: Revolutionary Brazilian Communist party
Partido Operário Comunista - POC: Communist working party
Vanguarda Popular Revolucionária - VPR: Revolutionary popular avant-garde
Vanguarda Armada Revolucionária Prize list - VAR: Armed avant-garde revolutionary Prize list

Random links: