Lee Smolin is a theorist of the Physique, a writer and an American professor . He is one of the principal realizers of the quantum Gravitation to loops ( Loop Quantum Gravity in English), one of the principal approaches of unification of the General relativity and the quantum Mécanique, the two great theories of the 20th century. He is currently a researcher with the Institut Perimeter (Waterloo, Ontario, Canada), institute devoted to the theoretical physics. He is the author of several scientific works, of which The Life off The Cosmos (which treats its theory on the fertile Universes) and Three Roads to Quantum Gravity (a work presenting the three principal approaches of the quantum gravitation, of which quantum gravitation with loops and the theory of cords).

Here four physical principles of Smolin (source: http://www.cornu.eu.org):

• there exists nothing apart from the universe;
• it is not possible any more to distinguish the observer from observed (see relativism opposed to realism): one speaks about a logic dependant on the observer or " Topos Theory". The information is incomplete, following where one is it is even impossible to have certain information (apart from the cone of light). It is thus necessary to bring closer from many points of view: Theory of the representation;
• concept of décohérence: if we perceive the universe in a certain way and not differently, it is because we ask him particular questions which eliminate the other theoretically possible solutions: " the put questions eliminate the possibility of answers in superposition" ( consists history formulation). There are a single universe seen by various observers rather than of the different universes. One with the same concept in economy with the Prophecy autoréalisatrice where the regulation intervenes by the abundance of actors;
• the world is not made objects but of process. It is thus necessary to take into account the movement, the history. It is about a relational universe (compound of events). The apparent continuity of space and time are illusions. the elementary particles are not objects but processes being held on a scale Planck.

Childhood and studies

Smolin was born with New York. It finishes its baccalaureat with the Hampshire College in June 1975, physical speciality “and philosophy”. Thereafter, in March 1978, it obtains its control with Harvard then becomes doctor in Theoretical physics in June of the following year. Its thesis was entitled: “Studies on the quantum gravitation”.

Work

He worked in various institutes and universities, in collaboration with several physicists, but its principal employment was with the Pennsylvania State University and Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics . This principal work concentrates on the quantum gravitation with loops, although it also contributes to the advance of the theory of the cords, and on the fertile Universes (or “cosmological natural selection”).

Quantum gravitation with loops

Roughly speaking, the space time would not be continuous and uniform, but granular and discontinuous. There would exist an indivisible space and time. This theory simple to be represented and elegant proved reliable on several points of view, like the explanation of the surfaces and volumes in geometry, but leaves something to be desired still on dynamics.

Cosmological natural selection

Smolin proposes to still apply the natural selection of Darwin to cosmology, so that the Universe which we know is the result of an evolution and a change of older universe, primitive and large.

Imagine a universe. Each black hole whom it contains opens a door on another universe where the fundamental laws of nature, like speed of light for example, can be different. The most dominant universes are those which contain the most black holes.

Some critical propose the fact that this “theory” is based on no scientific reasoning and that it is impossible for the scientists to prove or contradict the predictions of Smolin. With that, the American retorts by the fact that the study of the black holes of our Universe can affirm or cancel this theory.

Quotation

• “I am convinced that the quantum Mécanique is not an ultimate theory. I believe that since I never met a formulation in current quantum mechanics having a direction for me. I studied in-depth and worked extremely on these formulations, but at the end of the day, the quantum theory always does not have any direction for me. ”

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