Le Havre - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

Le Havre is a city of the North-West of the France located on Right Bank of the Estuaire of the the Seine. Administratively, it is a common located in the department of the Seine-Maritime and the area High-Normandy. Its inhabitants is the Native of Le Havre and Havraises. It is the most populated commune largest area and French Sous-préfecture. Le Havre is seat of évêché.

The Havre has here the old direction of “port”. The city was initially called Franciscopolis in homage to François I {{er}} which took the initiative of its construction, then Le Havre (or Hable ) of Grace , this last term coming from the vault Our-Lady-of-Grace which existed on the site before the foundation of the city.

It is called the Porte Océane . Speaking Architecturalement, this image was taken again by the “door” which form the frame at the end of the Foch avenue which leads to the sea. It appears in second position in the classification of the French ports, in first position in the classification of the Normans cities, and in second position in the classification of the agglomerations of High-Normandy.

The city was decorated with the Légion of honor the July 18th 1949.

UNESCO registered the downtown area of Le Havre the July 15th 2005 with the world heritage of humanity by greeting the “innovative exploitation of the potential of the concrete”. The space of 133 hectares representing according to UNESCO “an exceptional example of architecture and town planning of the post-war period” is one of the rare contemporary sites registered in Europe.

Le Havre was synonymous with coldness and greyness. One speaks about it from now on like a " Brasilia " with the Frenchwoman. Reconquered by its inhabitants, devoted by UNESCO, the city Norman knew to forge a new future.

Le Havre has as a code:

LH, according to the List of the maritime districts,

Geography

Le Havre is the sub-prefecture, largest of France, and a chief town of canton including/understanding the commune of Holy-Addresses.

The situation

Le Havre is on the south-western point of the Pays of Caux. The city is enclosed between the littoral of the Manche in the west the estuary of the Seine in the south and the coast, in north. The Seine a long time marked a natural border between the High and the Basse-Normandie. Thus, Honfleur is, according to the expression on the Native of Le Havre, “the other side of water”. To face this situation of relative enclavement, installations multiplied: most prestigious is the Pont of Normandy which connects two banks of the Seine and Honfleur place to only one fifteen minutes of Le Havre. The geographers and the decision makers created besides a new entity around two banks of the estuary, managed by the Agence of town planning of the area of Le Havre and the estuary of the Seine.

Relief and geomorphology

The common of Le Havre is composed of two natural units separated by a cliff died or “coast”:

the low city includes/understands the peripheral port, downtown area and districts. It was built on old Marais which was drained as from the 16th century. The ground consists of alluvia deposited by the Seine. The downtown area, rebuilt after the Second world war, rests on approximately a meter of levelled rubble.
the high city consists of easy, average or disadvantaged residential suburbs (Mount-Strapping man, Caucriauville, Pond-Red). It is about plates dug by dry small valleys (small valley of Ignauval) and districts in terrace. The north-western part of the high city (Holy-Addresses and Dollemard) is highest (between 90 and 115 meters of altitude). The course of Hève is at an altitude of approximately 100 meters.

Climate

Because of its situation on the littoral of the Handle, the climate of Le Havre is oceanic. The days without the least wind are rare, and the dominant winds come from the North-West. They bring the maritime influences all the year. According to the statements of the weather station of the Cape of Hève (1970 - 1999), 24 days ago per annum where the temperature goes down in lower part from 0 °C, and 14 where it rises above 25 °C.

Green areas

The city knew to keep wide green areas (approximately 700 hectares, is 35 m2 per capita): in addition to several parks low downtown, the forest of Montgeon is the true lung of the city. One finds there lakes, a tropical greenhouse, a birdcage… It is consisted of the remainders of the large forest which recovered all the Pays of Caux during prehistory. It was acquired by the municipality in 1902 and was arranged by Michel Bejot between 1966 and 1971.

The other green areas are:

the park of Round slices: 150 hectares of wood, marsh and ponds, 20 kilometers of walk, a arboretum with 200 different gasolines, a riding school.
gardens of the beach: a artificial Dune planted Sea reed S, a fresh water river strewn with watery plants, a lawn where restaurants are drawn up the summer. The beach received once again the blue house in 2007, in particular thanks to all its installations.
the Saint-Roch public garden: located in the downtown area rebuilt by Auguste Perret, it is with the site of an old cemetery for pestiferous. It opened in 1868 and underwent deep rehandlings after the bombardments of the Second world war.
the gardens of the hotel-of-city respect the urban screen desired by Perret. They are decorated gardens with the Frenchwoman dancing waters and more than 1000 m2 of flowered floors.
the Hauser park is composed of a landscape garden and a natural forest on a surface of 7000 m2. It is the refuge of raptors in full heart of the city.
gardens of the priory of Graville, arranged on a terrace which overhangs the estuary of the Seine.

Area havraise

Demography

The population of the commune of Le Havre was of: 190905 inhabitants in 1999, which placed the city at the 12th rank of the most populated cities France and in the first place in High-Normandy. She knows for a long time a fall, particularly important between 1975 and 1982: during these years of industrial crisis, the population indeed decreased by: 18494 people. Since the years 1980, the continuous decrease, at less strong intervals. The urban Unité of Le Havre gathered: 248547 inhabitants in 1999 (25e national row) and the urban Aire of Le Havre gathered: 296773 inhabitants. With 27% less than 20 years, the city of Le Havre is relatively young, even if this category of the population drops. The foreign population is estimated at: 8208 people is 4,3% of the population, with a downward trend. With the economic transfers which have affected the city, CSP strongly evolved/moved since the years 1980: between 1982 and 1999, the number of workmen fell by approximately a third (-: 10593); their share in the active population was of 16% in 1982, and 12,5% in 1999. In same time, the number of frameworks and intellectual professions increased by 24,5%, which is explained partly by the creation and the development of the Université of Le Havre.

History

The city of Le Havre is a relatively recent creation (it was founded on October 8th 1517 by François I {{er}}). She made strong demographic great strides thanks to the dynamism of her port. The bombardments of 1944 mark an important caesura in the history of the city and the spirit of its inhabitants. Today, the urban projects and harbor multiply to face the economic and social challenges of the 21e century.

Le Havre knew many territorial extensions by annexing common neighbors:

1852 : Ingouville and of the parts of Graville-Holy-Honorine and Sanvic
1910: Graville-holy-Honorine entirely
1953: Bléville
1955 : Sanvic entirely
1971: part of Harfleur (district of Caucriauville)
1973: Round slices (with the statute of common partner, 3 184 inhabitants in 2006)

Before François Ier

Some prehistoric vestiges were exhumed in the territory of the estuary and the forest of Montgeon.

As of Antiquity, the river traffic on the Seine was in relation to the dynamism of the cities of the Estuaire (port of Caracotinum , ancestor of Harfleur). A Roman way undoubtedly connected Lillebonne ( Juliobona ) to Holy-Addresses (Chief of Caux) and passed by the current territory of the commune of Le Havre. Several archeological sites of the Roman period were excavated by the archeologists in the current agglomeration. In a Vault of the Abbey of Graville, the Sarcophage of Sainte Honorine was redécouvert in 1867.

During the Early middle ages, the port of the Eure (or Deludes) existed in the south-west of Harfleur, on maritime bank of the Seine. It was used as shelter with the ships which awaited the tide making it possible to enter the port of Harfleur. The port of Le Havre, as for him, does not exist yet. At the 11th century, the port of Honfleur is created, on southern bank of the estuary of the Seine. The ships too charged not being able to go up the Seine, one uses the outer harbors of Chief-in-Caux, the North-West of current Le Havre, Harfleur and Leurre. The estuary does not count whereas some hamlets of fishermen and farmers: Graville, Ingouville, hamlet of the Place-of-Grace, Saint-Denis-Chief-of-Caux (ancestor of Holy-Addresses), Harfleur. It is as at that time as the first parishes are organized.

After the War One hundred Year old, the economic revival and the growth of the transatlantic exchanges make germinate the project of a new port on northern bank of the estuary of the Seine. The stranding of the port of Harfleur and the fear of an English unloading push the king François I {{er}} to found the port of Le Havre and with him the city.

Beginnings of Le Havre

In spite of the difficulties related on the ground (marshes) and the storms, the port of Le Havre accommodates its first ships in October 1518. The October 8th 1517, François Ier signs the charter of foundation of the city whose plans are entrusted initially to the vice-admiral Guyon Roy. The “gross tower” defends the entry of it. The weapons of the city are those of François Ier: a salamander. The king moves itself in August 1520 and makes perpetual the privileges of the Native of Le Havre. The military function is also encouraged: Le Havre is one of the gathering points of the French fleet during the wars. The arsenals develop and the ships leave to fish cod with Newfoundland.

The New World attracts the adventurers and some leave of Le Havre: thus, Villegagnon share of Le Havre to found a colony with the Brazil (Fort-Coligny) in 1555. Today still, a place of the Cannibale S points out these old bonds with the New World. At the end of the 16th century, smuggling takes its rise and Le Havre sees arriving of the American products like leathers, Sucre and Tabac. One of the main actors of this shady traffic is a Native of Le Havre explorer and cartographer, Guillaume Testu (1509-1573): a quay in Le Havre always bears its name.

In 1536, the first building work of future the cathedral Notre-Dame is undertaken by Guillaume de Marceilles. In 1541, François I {{er}} entrusts the project of town planning and fortification to the Italian architect Girolamo Bellarmato. This one has the full powerss and organizes the Saint-François district according to precise standards (plane orthogonal, height of the houses limited…).

The wars of religion

The Réforme is a relative success in Normandy: the small noble ones of the country of Caux are influenced and a protesting temple is built in Le Havre as of 1561.

The May 8th 1562, reformed invest Le Havre. Fearing a counter-attack of the royal armies, they turn to the English who send troops: 6 000 infantrymen and 300 riders ordered by the count de Warwick. The occupants build strong Warwick and four bastions under the terms of the Traité Hampton Court. The troops of Charles IX, ordered by the constable of Montmorency, attack Le Havre and the English are finally driven out (July 1563). Strong Warwick is destroyed on the orders of king de France.

The function of defense of Le Havre is reaffirmed and the modernization of the port begins at the 17th century, on order of the cardinal of Richelieu, governor of the city: an arsenal is arranged, the ramparts are reinforced and a fortress is built: it is here that Mazarin makes imprison the critical princes , Longueville, Conti and Condé. At the end of the 18th century, the citadel is abandoned and was nothing any more but one simple barracks.

But especially, Le Havre affirms its maritime and international vocation during the 17th century: the company of the Indies settles as of 1642 there. Exotic products are imported (sugar, cotton, tobacco, coffee, and various spices). The Traite Blacks enriches the Le Havre-native traders, especially at the 18th century. However the maritime trade is subjected to the international relations and the European context: the wars of Louis XIV and Louis XV stop the rise of Le Havre temporarily. The English bombard the city on several occasions, in particular in 1694.

In 1749, Madam de Pompadour wants to see the sea: Louis XV chooses Le Havre to satisfy the desire of its mistress. It is a ruinous visit for finances of the city. The economic advancement of Le Havre results in an increase in its population (20 000 inhabitants in 1789) but also by transformations in the port and the city: installation of a tobacco factory in the Saint-François district, expansion of the shipyards. At the time of a visit in 1786, Louis XVI approves the project of urban expansion: it is Lamandé which is given the responsability to multiply by four the surface of the city.

The revolutionary period (1789-1815)

Between 1789 and 1793, the port of Le Havre is the second in France, after that of Nantes. The triangular trade continues until the war and the abolition of the draft. The port remains always an strategic issue because of the trade of cereals (supply of Paris) and of its proximity with the British enemy. The year 1793 was difficult for France as for Le Havre because of the war, the federalistic insurrections and economic stagnation. The religious Terreur transforms the Notre-Dame cathedral into temple of the Reason. The city acquires the statute of sub-prefecture by the administrative reform of the An VIII. Under the empire, Napoleon i comes in Le Havre and orders the construction of forts. Because of the war against Great Britain and the blockade, the activity of the port is reduced and that of the corsairs increases. The population of Le Havre decreases until 16 000 inhabitants.

The prosperity of the 19th century

The stop of the revolutionary and Napoleonean wars makes it possible the trade to normally begin again as moves away the British threat. The context of found peace and economic advancement involves an important surge of population. The Native of Le Havre is quickly with narrow in the walls and of new districts appear. But much the poor ones pile up in the unhealthy district of Saint-François. The epidemics of Cholera, Typhoid and “fevers” make several hundreds of dead in the Années 1830 - 1850. The Alcoholism and infant mortality make devastations in the poorest classes. As for the rich person Le Havre-native traders, they are very minority but their number increases; they are made build beautiful residences apart from the ramparts, on the “Coast”. But quickly built fortunes can disappear also quickly and cause resounding ruins. Throughout the 19th century, the cosmopolitan aspect of the harbor city nothing but does be reinforced: in maritime times of prosperity, the labor of the Pays of Caux is pushed towards Le Havre because of the crisis of weaving. Establishment of a broad Breton community (10 % of the population havraise at the end of the 19th century) modifies the cultural life of Le Havre. The economic success of the city attracts Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian contractors. One meets Italians, of the Poles then Maghrebians on the quays and in the factories.

The city and its port change thanks to great alteration work, partly financed by the State, which is spread out throughout the 19th century, sometimes stopped by the political crises or economic. Thus several projects are concluded like the construction of a purse and basin commercial as of first half of the century. The progressive installation of lighting to gas starting from 1836, of the garbage collection (1844) and of the sewers indicates a preoccupation with an urban modernization. In the middle of the century, the old ramparts are shaven and the communes bordering are annexed: consequently, the population of the city of Le Havre increases abruptly.

The period 1850 - 1914 constitutes the golden age of Le Havre; indeed, if one puts side a few years of depression (American Civil War, war free-Prussian), the trade explodes and the city embellishes municipal constructions (grand boulevards, hotel-of-city, law courts, new purse).

The effects of the industrial revolution are increasingly visible in Le Havre: the first dredger with vapor is used in 1831. The building sites naval develop. Frederic Sauvage develops its first propellers in Le Havre in 1833. The railroad arrives in 1848 and makes it possible to disenclose Le Havre. The docks are built at the same time, just as general stores. The day before the First World War, Le Havre is the first European port for the Café; it imports some 250 000 tons of Cotton and 100 000 tons of Oil.

The industrial sector exists, but remains minority at the 19th century: the factories are in relation to the harbor traffic (shipyards, sugar refineries, factories of cords, etc). The banking environment develops, even if it remains largely dependant on outside. The city counts few liberal professions and civils servant. The number of schools remains insufficient until in the Années 1870.

The port is always the door of America: it receives tropical products (coffee, cotton). The European coastal traffic brings wood, coal and corn of Northern Europe, wine and oil of the Mediterranean. The abolition of the Traite Blacks involves little by little a modification of the traffics. Le Havre remains a point of passage for the candidates with the emigration towards the the United States. The transatlantic voyages become important in second half of the 19th century. In 1913, on the 741 000 passengers who forward by Le Havre, 150 000 travel towards the United States. It is the beginning of the era of the Paquebot S which will make the pride of the Native of Le Havre.

Since the Years 1830, Le Havre is a Seaside resort attended by the Parisian ones. The creation of the maritime baths goes up at that time. It is in 1890 that the maritime boulevard is built, dominated by the maritime villa. The casino Marie-Christine (1912) and the palate of the Regattas (1906) gather the middle-class. The end of the 19th century and the Beautiful time however announce social strains exacerbated by inflation and unemployment. Starting from 1886, the labor unrest, that support the increasingly influential Socialists, shakes the city. The business Jules Durand is symptomatic of this context.

The time of the wars (1914 - 1945)

The human account of the First World War is heavy for the city: approximately 6 000 dead native of Le Havre, for the majority of the soldiers left to the combat. The city was saved by the massive destruction, because the face was much more at north. Several ships nevertheless were torpedoed by the German submarines, in the roads of Le Havre. One of the notable facts of the war was the installation of the Belgian government with Holy-Addresses, in the suburbs of Le Havre, constrained to flee the German occupation. The city was used as a basis back for the Agreement, in particular for the British warships.

The period of the inter-war period is marked by the stop of the population growth, social agitation and the economic crisis. With leaving the war, the Inflation ruin of many shareholders. The city became largely worker. The shortages and the expensive life cause the great strike of 1922 during which the state of siege is proclaimed. In 1936, the Bréguet factory of Le Havre is occupied by the strikers: it is the beginning of the labor movement under the Popular front. On the economic plan, the strong growth of second half of the 19th century seems completed. The ports of the North of Europe seriously compete with Le Havre and the great harbor alteration work is slowed down. However, the oil importations continue to increase and of the refineries are born in the east of Le Havre. The world-wide crisis of 1929 and protectionist measurements do not encourage the development of the trade. Only the sector of the voyage goes relatively well, with 500 000 travellers transported in 1930. The steamer Normandy share for New York in 1935. But quickly the threats of war and the danger Nazi are profiled.

The Germans occupied Le Havre as from spring 1940, with a garrison which counted until 40 000 soldiers. They transformed it into military base and arranged the Festung Le Havre , line of casemates, artillery blockhouse and batteries. This device was integrated into the Atlantic Wall. For the Native of Le Havre, the daily life was difficult because of the shortages, the censure, the bombardments and the policy anti-semite: thus, the mayor Leon Meyer is constrained to leave his station because of his Jewish origins; a many native of Le Havre leaves. Resistance havraise was constituted around several cores like the group of the college of Le Havre or that of the Vagabond Beloved . These groups took part in the information of the British and actions of sabotage for unloading of June 6th. During the Second world war, Le Havre undergoes 132 bombardments planned by the allies; but the most important destruction occurs the 5 and September 6th 1944 when the Allies bombard the downtown area and the port to weaken the occupant (code name of the Bombardment “ Tabula Rasa ”). The objective was to facilitate the supply and progression of the allied troops, which unloaded three months earlier in Basse-Normandie, were in Belgium with course of provisioning. The assessment of the bombardments is heavy: 5 000 died, 80 000 disaster victims, 150 hectares shaved, 12 500 destroyed buildings. The port is destroyed and some 350 wrecks lie at the bottom of water. The roads as well as the estuary were mined. The fortifications of the Mont Canisy had their guns pointed on Le Havre.

Recent history

The rebuilding

See also: Downtown area rebuilt of Le Havre, Auguste Perret

To spring 1945, the Ministry for the Rebuilding and Urbanisme entrusts the reconstruction project of the downtown area of Le Havre to the workshop Perret. It wishes to make clean slate of the old structures and to apply the theories of the structural Classicisme. The material retained for the construction of the buildings is the Béton and the general plan is a screen Orthogonal E.

Economic difficulties

They are due to the disindustrialization marked by the closing of the ACH for example and to the transformations of the harbor trade. The oil crisis explains also industrial stagnation since the middle of the years 1970. Le Havre remained besides a bastion Communiste until in the years 1990. Since, the city engaged in a process of reconversion and the municipality has work for the rebirth of Le Havre by reinforcing its image (see the paragraph on the economy).

Town planning

Le Havre is the largest commune of Normandy by its population, but its agglomeration arrives only at the second rank after that of Rouen.

Downtown area

See also: Downtown area rebuilt of Le Havre

Mainly destroyed during the Second world war, the center town was rebuilt according to the plans of the Perret workshop, directed by the Architecte French Auguste Perret. Only the town hall (1952 - 1958) and the church Saint-Joseph (1951 - 1957) (107 m height) were conceived personally by Auguste Perret. Coming to congratulate this rebuilding work, UNESCO registered the downtown area of Le Havre the July 15th 2005 with the world heritage of humanity by greeting the “innovative exploitation of the potential of the concrete”. The space of 133 hectares representing according to UNESCO “an exceptional example of architecture and town planning of the post-war period” is one of the rare contemporary sites registered in Europe, thus joining the Parc Güell with Barcelona, the houses Art nouveau of Victor Horta in Belgium or the old steel-works of Völklingen in Germany.

Another interesting architectural work of the downtown area is that of Space Oscar Niemeyer realized in 1982 by this same architect, and called the Volcano , because of the shape of the building.

Vis-a-vis the conversion of industry, the city knew important economic difficulties. One of the consequences is an important fall of the population, which reached: 219583 inhabitants in 1975, and lowered 12 % since this date. In same time, the municipality reorganized the district of the stations. Thus, the coach station (drunk, bus, taxis) were refitted, it is located close to railway station (certified NF since 2005). Side private sector investment, company SPB built its seat, Novotel established to with it a hotel drawn by the architect J. - P. Viguier in 2005 and Matmut finished the same year the office building that it will occupy partly. It is thus all the entry of Le Havre which was seen transformed.

Peripheral districts of the commune

In the years 1990, the municipality develops and reconverts the southern districts of Le Havre, with the European assistances: transformation of the docks into concert hall (Océane Docks), of exposure (Docks Coffee), in museum (old Museum Maritime and Harbor, which closed to prepare its removal within the City of the Sea), in provisional casino (which occupies definitively since June 1st, 2006 the old Palate of the Stock Exchange). The new Chamber of commerce and of Industry, as well as the new medical pole around the new private clinic of Ormeaux are also in these districts.

In October 2004, the National agency for the urban renovation (ANRU) signed with the municipality of Le Havre the first convention in order to finance the rehabilitation of the districts of the suburbs. This convention will finance more than 340 million euros for the great whole of the districts north, where reside approximately: 41000 inhabitants. This envelope prolongs the budget of the Great project of city (GPV). It will make it possible to demolish and rebuild more: 1700 residences.

Urban projects

Other great projects for thousand-year-old IIIe: the university pole is in the course of extension, with housing construction students, of a new college library and a new university canteen. The casino, installed in the old Palate of the Stock Exchange since June 1st 2006. The old docks must be transformed into place of trade and leisures (cinemas, bowling, swimming pool, pit of diving). In the same district, the City of the Sea and Sustainable development will be organized in the tower Jean Nouvel. The harbor southern districts are subjected to opening-up and the rehabilitation (in particular by the Bridge of the Docks, spanning the basin Paul Vatine). Projects of environmental protection of the cliff S are in hand as well as the installation of the fort of Holy-Addresses in a garden in which the plantations of all the continents will be presented (in particular by the means of a tropical greenhouse).

Administration

The city is the chief town of district and Sous-préfecture of the Seine-Maritime. It is in addition the seat of the diocese of the Harbor-of-Grace. It is also with the head of the Communauté of agglomeration havraise.

Political life

Administrative cutting

Le Havre is divided into 9 cantons:

Teaching

Primary school education

One counts in Le Havre, for the re-entry 2006?? nursery schools of which?? public and? private schools. -->

Secondary education

The city counts nineteen colleges, five colleges of mainstream education and ten vocational schools.

Higher education and special schools

University of Le Havre: : 6498 students registered with the re-entry 2006; the university proposes approximately 120 diplomas of State.

* UFR of Sciences and Technology.

* Faculty of the International Businesses.

* UFR of the Letters and Social sciences.

* Academic institute of technology: 10 departments, 13 professional licenses.

* Academic institute of training of the Masters (antenna of Rouen): 2 prepared contests (capet technology, CRPE professor of the schools)

* Institute of higher learning of logistic studies (ISEL): school of engineers.

National college of business of Le Havre: 791 students in 2003-2004.
Institute of political studies of Paris: the Euro-Asia cycle starting from the re-entry 2007.
National school of the Merchant navy (or Hydro): school forming of the Officers of First Class of the Merchant navy.
Conservatory with Departmental Radiation Arthur Honegger (music, dance and dramatic art): : 1550 pupils.
School of Article
3Ecole Nationale Sup3erieure of oil and the engines (ENSPM).
ITIP (National institute of International Transport and the Ports): prepare with the trades of multimode transport (road, iron, air, river and sea) in all its forms and with the harbor trades
Saint OJ Sup: prepare with the trades of data processing, communication of company and with the national competition of the merchant navy.

Diocese

In 1974, creation by Mgr To mulch, then archbishop of Rouen, the diocese of Le Havre. Mgr Michel Saudreau is the first bishop. The church Notre-Dame is promoted cathedral.

Twinnings

As for the port of Le Havre, it is twinned with that of

Culture

Le Havre obtained the label “Ville of Art and History” in 2001.

Le Havre has two flowers for the label of the National committee of the Cities and Flowered Villages, the green Key for the camp-site of the forest of Montgeon (but which was closed since) allotted by the Office Frenchwoman of the Foundation for Education to the Environment in Europe (OFFEEE) and was indicated in 2003 and 2004 “better Internet site of France” for the site of the city with the label Ville Internet @@@@@.

In 2006, Le Havre accommodates the first Biennale Contemporary art and invites the sculptor Jean-Pierre Raynault.

Theaters, theaters and in concert

* Docks Océane (4200 places)

* Theater of the Town hall (700 places)

* the Small Theater (450 places)

* Large Volcano, national scene, (1200 places), in the Oscar Niemeyer Space which shelters the national choreographic Center High-Normandy Le Havre directed by Herve Robbe

* Petit Volcano (versatile room from 200 to 500 places)

* the Cabaret Electric (ex the Agora), coffee-musics, scene of the current musics, Espace Oscar Niemeyer

* Casino of Le Havre (500 places)

* Harbor station

* Docks Coffee (accommodate living rooms)

* Conservatory Arthur Honegger

* Theater of the Baths Showers (94 places)

* Theater Akté (60 places)

* the Hen house, associative room of theater (50 places)

Museums and places of exposure

The Museum of the Art schools Andre Malraux, built starting from 1955 by the Workshop Lagneau-Weill-Dimitrijevic, was inaugurated by André Malraux in 1961; it profited from a restoration in 1998. The building shelters collections of works going from the end of the Moyen-âge until the 20th century. The museum is known for its important collection of impressionist (Eugene Boudin, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Claude Monet) and its fabrics of Raoul Dufy.

List of the other museums of the city:

* maritime Museum (closed since 2005)

* Museum of the Abbey of Graville

* Museum of Old Le Havre (closed since 2004)

* House of the ship-owner

* Natural history museum of natural history

* SPOT, center of contemporary art

* the public library organizes regularly exposures

* Nombreuses art galleries in center

town

Media

Four newspapers for the agglomeration:

Free Le Havre
Le Havre Presses
Paris-Normandy (edition havraise, in collaboration with Le Havre Presses )
Freedom-Sunday (common edition of the three preceding ones for Sunday)

Magazine of local information:

Océanes (municipal magazine)
Grounds of Agglo (magazine of the agglomeration)

free Magazines:

With Arts (cultural information)
Bazart (cultural current events)
HAC Magazine (current events of HAC)

Television:

A local televised edition of France 3: France 3 Bay of the Seine , diffused each evening, taken again then on France 3 Upper Normandy

Radio
:

Radio operator Albatross : local radio installed in the Sanvic district of Le Havre, emitting out of FM on frequency 88.2.
Unhookings of local information on France Blue Upper Normandy
local Unhooking from 12 to 4 p.m. on Europe 2
local Unhooking from 12 to 8 p.m. on Nrj
Radio Apple Magpie (associative, cultural current events) www.radioapplepie.org
Radio Valley of the Crack (based with Épouville, it is possible to collect it high downtown)
Résonance
RCF Le Havre

Internet/online news:

Current events and press review of the city of Le Havre
Infocéane: Le Havre on Internet
Current events regional, maritime, harbor, economic and cultural: Le Havre and its area
the Norman gate of economic information: Drakkar One Line

Le Havre in arts

Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot, Le Havre , collection Black-Nélaton, towards 1830.
Claude Monet, Impression, Rising sun table painted in Le Havre which gave its name to the movement Impressionniste.
Among the other painters who painted close Le Havre and/or his surroundings as Holy-Addresses, one can more particularly quote Bazille, Bonington, Boudin (which met there Monet and Courbet), Braque (which made the school of art of the city), Cals, Couture, Dubuffet (school of art of the city), Dufy (E.A.), Friesz (E.A.), Garneray, Géricault (which made there its drafts for the sea of the " Raft of Méduse"), Isabey, Jongkind, Maufa, Marquet, Millet, Picasso, Pissaro, Pinion, Signac, Saint-Delis (E.A.), Stevens, Toulouse-Lautrec, Turner, Vlaminck.
Quay of the Fogs , carried out in 1938 by Flesh-colored Marcel and with for first role Jean Gabin was turned in Le Havre.
In another register, the film Beuze , realized by François Desagnat and of Thomas Sorriaux, left in 2002 is held partly in Le Havre.
the film of Sophie Marceau, Disappeared from Deauville left in 2007, comprises several scenes turned on the port of Le Havre, at the Coty shopping mall and in the streets of the downtown area.
Among very many other films made completely or partly in Le Havre, one can more particularly quote a Andalusian dog (1929) of shine Bunuel and Salvador Dali, the Steamer Tenacity of Julien Duvivier, Atalante (1934) of Jean Vigo, the pearls of the crown (1936) of Sacha Guitry and Christian-Jacque, the human animal (1938) of Jean Renoir, a man walks in the city (1949) of Marcello Pagliero, sentimental education (1961) of Alexandre Astruc, the Brain of Gerard Oury (1968), Valparaiso, Valparaiso (1970) of Pascal Sapwood, Congratulated (1978) on Christine Pascal, Harbor of Juliet Berto, My case (1986) of Handbook of Oliveira, Street of the Departure (1986) of Tony Gatlif, According to Mathieu (2000) of Xavier Beauvois, what they imagine (2004) of Anne Théron (one of last films of Marie Trintignant), El Cantor (2005) of Joseph Morder.

Le Havre in the literature

* Honore de Balzac described in its novel Modeste Mignon the bankruptcy of a family of Le Havre-native traders. Its account makes it possible to have an idea of the life in Le Havre in first half of.

* Fanny Loviot tells its departure of Le Havre in 1852 like emigrating in California of the Loterie of the gold ingots in " The pirates chinois".

* Guy of Maupassant located several of its accounts in Le Havre and in its area: “ With the natural history museum of natural history ”, text published in the Gallic of March 23rd, 1881; Pierre and Jean

* the intrigue of a puffed up house to the winds of Emile Danoën, Price of the populist novel in 1951, is located in Le Havre during the Second world war. Under the name of Port of Fog it is also Le Havre which is used as decoration with three other novels of this author: Kites , the Adventure of Christmas and the Tail with the underworld .

* Michel Leiris wrote literature considered as a bullfighting , in Le Havre in December 1945.

* In the Broken Ear , Tintin embarks on the Ville of Lyon in Le Havre, in direction of South America. The meeting between Tintin and the Général Alcazar in the 7 Crystal balls is done in Le Havre, according to the notes of Hergé on the margins of the Soir , first support of publication of this adventure.

* One can also read testimonys of Raymond Queneau, born in Le Havre, city being used in addition as framework with its novel a Hard winter .

* Bouville, city where the writer saw who writes his newspaper in Nausea of Jean-Paul Sartre would be copied from the city havraise where he wrote this first novel.

* the first adventure of Ric Hochet (1963), of Tibet and Duchâteau, is Traquenard in Le Havre . It is presented there the seaside and the port. In the same way, in 1967, for the album Rapt on France , it is of course by Le Havre that Ric Hochet passes.

* Frank Gall, in November all the year , makes take on board Theodore Poussin in Le Havre, on the Cape Padaran

* Villegagnon left of Le Havre to go to conquer new grounds for the French crown in the future Brésil. In Red Brazil which lovesong this adventure, Price Goncourt 2001, Jean-Christophe Rufin thus describes Le Havre of, wearing of departure of French forwardings towards the Nouveau World.

* Martine-Marie Muller, in Quay of Americas , Robert Laffont, 2006 ISBN 2221106121 tells the saga of a clan of dockers of Le Havre of years 1950 at the years 1970.

* the assessment Maletras of Georges Simenon is held entirely in Le Havre.

* the Crime of Rouletabille of Gaston Leroux occurs partly to Holy-Addresses and the Harbor.

* Several tens of tales of Alphonse Allais proceed in Le Havre or refer to the city.

Le Havre and music

Economy

The economy havraise concentrates around three great economic sectors:

the Maritime transport and the Logistic ;
mechanical engineering;
the Petrochemistry.

Although developed and diversified the local economy primarily consists of industrial sites of international groups and SME sub-contracting those. The economy havraise is thus far away from the decision-making centres which are localized essentially in Paris region and in the large European economic metropolises. That implies a weak representation of the head offices in the city except for some local economic successes as the Sidel group (become Filiale of Tetra Pak), of the distributer of Meuble Interior' S and of the ship-owner Delmas (repurchased recently by the group CMA-CGM).

Principal employers of the zone havraise

Port

Industry

The majority of industries are in the industrialo-harbor zone, in the north of the estuary and the east of the city of Le Havre.

The first industrial employer (: 6300 paid) of the area havraise is the control Renault on the commune of Sandouville. In 2001, it produced: 271267 vehicles.

The second important sector of the industrial park is the Pétrochimie. Indeed, the area havraise concentrates more of the third of the French capacity of refining. It ensures approximately 50 % of the production of basic plastics and 80 % of the additives and oils; more: 3500 researchers work there in laboratories private and public. The large multinational firms of chemical industry are present in Basse-Seine. In the agglomeration havraise, they are primarily located on the commune of Gonfreville Orcher: Exxon Mobil, Total, Esso, Hoechst, Rafter Oronite SA; but also in Sandouville such Goodyear Chemicals Europe . On the whole, 28 industrial plants manufacture plastic S in the zone of use of the Harbor.

Other industries are dispersed in the agglomeration: one can quote the roasting plant of Le Havre, which belongs to Legal-Legoût, located in the district of Dollemard, which torrefies coffee.

The company Aircelle - group Safran is a subcontractor of Airbus which deals with the thrust reversers and which employs: 1200 people in Le Havre.

Sidel, established at the same time in the industrial park of the port of Le Havre and with Octeville-sur-Mer designs and manufactures machines of blowing and complete line of filling of plastic bottle.

Lastly, we can also note the presence of Draw up-Rand SA, EDF or of Areva.

Tertiary sector

The city for a long time has many tertiary companies whose activity is in relation to the port activities: initially companies of ship-owner but also maritime insurance companies. Head offices of Delmas (haulage company and communication: 1200 employees) and of SPB (insurance, 500 collaborators) came to settle recently at the entry of the city (Colbert quay). The transport sector constitutes the first economic sector of Le Havre with 15,5 % of employment. The activity Logistique relates to a great part of the population and ISEL form of the Engineer S in this field. Lastly, the Université of Le Havre accommodates: 6498 students and employs 470 teacher-researchers in 2006.

To face the conversion of industry, the local authorities misent on the development of the tourist activities. Thus, Le Havre accommodated 54 Paquebot S in 2004. The beach again received the blue house in 2007 and the classification of the downtown area on the list of the inheritance of Humanity should have repercussions in terms of frequentation.

Le Havre is the seat of the Chamber of commerce and industry of Le Havre. It manages the Aéroport of the Harbor-Octeville.

Passenger transports

Regional, national and international connections

For a long time, Le Havre exploited the assets of its littoral situation, but also suffered from its relative enclavement (see the paragraph on the situation at the beginning of article). This is why the local decision makers (and among them the Chamber of commerce and of Industry) improved the accessibility of the agglomeration and the port: the highway A131 (E05) connects Le Havre to the Autoroute of Normandy by the Pont of Tancarville. Thus the city is at one hour of Rouen and two hours of Paris. More recently, the highway A29 (E44) connects the agglomeration havraise to the north of France and ends in the Pont of Normandy.

The railway network is also developed: the trains Corail of the Ligne Paris it Havre stop at the stations of Bréauté - Beuzeville, Yvetot, Rouen, Oissel, Valley-with-Reuil, Gaillon - Aubevoye, Vernon, Mantes-the-Pretty and Paris Saint-Lazare. FOR THE THIRD TIME were modernized. And finally since December 2004, a Duplex line TGV connects Le Havre to Marseilles and stops at the Stations of Rouen, Mantes-the-Pretty, Versailles-Building site, Massy, and Lyon Share-God.

Urban transport

The city and the agglomeration have a rather dense grid system. This last answers problems of rupture between the low city and the high city, the two parts of the city being connected by long boulevards, small sinuous roads, many staircases, a Funiculaire and finally the tunnel Jenner.

Car

Le Havre remains one of the last big cities of France where the motor vehicle traffic is relatively fluid. The first problems appear from now on at the office hours because a strong proportion of workers lives apart from Le Havre. Consequently, of the exit of the city in Breque (gigantic road junction), the deceleration is strong.

It should be noted that the main axes of circulation are paying for the parking. Until the beginnings of the year 2000, Le Havre was a city saved in this field but two successive waves (the last in September 2005) changed gives it. The municipality has also many covered carparks, while the company VINCI has one of them.

Public transport

The drunk Océane cover the low city, the high city and the agglomeration thanks to its sixteen lines and its two shuttles. The company manages also the funicular. In the same way, it developed transport “door-to-door” for the people with reduced mobility. Lastly, recently, it brought into service “Fil' Bus” which allows certain parts of the agglomeration havraise not served by the buses, to be connected by a service of transport of people to the request, for the price of a transport in the bus. All these infrastructures are particularly attended at the rush hours and remain incomplete to see non-existent in evening. The first problems of saturation thus start to appear. A new line LER was carried out in 2003, serving several SNCF railway stations in the agglomeration havraise (CODAH), following tariffing Bus Océane. Bus Océane sold two Renault Pr100 and Heuliez Gx107 with the network of Toula.

Future tram

The community of agglomeration seeks to develop the offer of urban transport. The solution of the Tramway on rails was adopted. It will be in service in 2012.

A first line will connect the beach to the station, going up to the high city by a new tunnel, near to the Jenner tunnel, to cut itself into two: a direction towards Mount-Strapping man, another towards Caucriauville. Prolongations are already considered.

One second line is being studied to solve the problem of saturation of the line of bus 2 and for a service road of the southern districts under development full.

Cycle tracks

Le Havre a long time was late on the level of the cycle tracks. It is the SABINE association which made it possible to make evolve/move mentalities within the municipality. It was in the pain bus of the experiments proved to be failures, such that of a cycle track with double direction badly indicated in a street to one way. However, the municipality seems from now on reconciled with the two-wheeled vehicles: the summer 2005 saw flowering of many alteration work of cycle tracks, with in particular a connection with the Green lane, promising an important network and of quality. However many kilometers are established within the pavements and lead sometimes to an quasi-absence of passage for the pedestrians!

In addition, within the framework of a collaboration called Vélocéane , it is possible to rent bicycles at the station, the beach and the Town hall in the agencies of bus Océane (in partnership with SABINE.)

Annual events

The festive calendar of the city of Le Havre is rate/rhythm by various events. In April, a Festival of the book youth was recently created. In May takes place the Fest Yves , a Breton festival, in the Saint-François district. On the beach of Le Havre and Holy-Addresses, is held a festival of Jazz named Dixie Days in June. In July, the Detective novel is with the honor in the living room Polar with the Beach . This last between besides within the framework of the Z' Estivales , demonstration proposing of many spectacles of Art of street all the summer. In August, it is a flowered Corso which ravels in the streets of the downtown area. The first weekend of September, it is the marine element which is emphasized at the time of the Festival of the Sea. Every two years, the Transat Jacques Vabre brings together the largest navigators in village around the basin Paul Vatine. The race connects Le Havre to Bahia with the Brésil. Always in November is organized the fair of Le Havre which is held in the Docks Coffee. From the musical point of view, from September to November is held in all Normandy the festival Automne in Normandy . Since June 1st, 2006, Biennial of contemporary art organized by the group Partouche.

Famous native of Le Havre

People born in Le Havre, according to the birth date

Georges de Scudéry (1601 - 1667), writer
Madeleine de Scudéry (1607 - 1701), writer

Jean-Baptiste After Mannevillette (1707 - 1780), hydrographic
Jacques-Henri Bernardin of Saint-Pierre (1737 - 1814), writer, general intendant of the Botanical garden, member of the Institute of France
Pierre-François Haumont, (1772 - 1866), sculptor
Charles-Alexandre Lesueur (1778 - 1846), Naturalist
Casimir Delavigne (1793 - 1843), writer

Frédérick Lemaître (1800 - 1876), actor emblematic of the Boulevard of the Crime
Louise Therese de Montaignac (1820 - 1855), nun declared Happy in 1990.
Jean-Baptiste Theodore Duval (1824 - 1897, bishop of Soissons
Gabriel Monod (1844 - 1912), historian
Louis Archinard (1850 - 1932), general
Henri Woollett (1864 - 1936), type-setter
Louis Graduate (1870 - 1946), mathematician
Raoul Dufy (1877 - 1953), painter and engraver
Jean Dufy (1888 - 1964), painter
Andre Caplet (1878 - 1925), type-setter and leader
Maurice Lesieutre (1879 - 1975, sculptor, chansonnier and poet patoisant
Jules Durand (1880 - 1926), trade unionist
Raimond Lecourt (1882 - 1946), painter
Gabriel Guerin (1941), ace of the aviation of the First World War.
Rene Coty (1882 - 1962), politician, President of the Republic of 1954 with 1959
Arthur Honegger (1892 - 1955), type-setter

Jean Dubuffet (1901 - 1985), painter, sculptor, philosophical, pataphysician, it is one of the Masters of the rough Art
Raymond Queneau (1903 - 1976), writer, member of the Académie Goncourt and the Collège of Pataphysique, cofounder of the Oulipo
Albert Brenet (1903 - 2005), Peintre of the Navy
Albert Palle (1916 - 2007), writer, journalist
Michel Quoist (1921 - 1997), priest and writer
Jean Bouise (1929 - 1989), French actor
Armand Frémont (1933), French geographer
Cardoon (1936), draftsman of press
Paul Vatine (1957 - 1999), navigator missing at sea
Laurent Ruquier (1963), humorist, journalist
Guillaume Touze (1968), writer
Vikash Dhorasoo (1973), international footballer
Anthony Dupray (1974), actor
Julien Faubert (1983), international footballer

People living or having lived in Le Havre

Louis Victor Marziou, Ship-owner
Eugene Boudin (1824 - 1898), painter born with Honfleur
Antoine Renard (1825 - 1872), Tenor
Octave Crémazie (1827 - 1879), poet Québécois, died in Le Havre
Claude Monet (1840 - 1926), painter born with Paris then residing in Le Havre starting from the 5 years age
Felix Faure (1841 - 1899), appointed then President of the Republic of 1895 with 1899
Armand Salacrou (1899 - 1989), Dramatic author
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905 - 1980), writer born with Paris and having taught with the College of Le Havre ('' college François I {{er}} '') of 1936 to 1939. It written there its first novel, Nausea
Raymond Aron (1905 - 1983), sociologist, Philosopher and Journalist French and having taught with the College of Le Havre ('' college François I {{er}} '')
Emile Danoën (1920 - 1999), writer, grew in Le Havre in the Saint-François district which was used to him as decoration for a puffed up house with the winds , Prix of the populist novel in 1951
Yoland Simon (1941), writer
Philippe Huet writer ( Quay of anger , the business Jules Durand )
Jules Siegfried 1st assistant then Mayor of Le Havre (1870-1873) and (1878-1886).
J.B of Almeida Garrett (1799-1854), politician and poet Portuguese. With lived a few months in Le Havre where it would have written “Camoens”, the first romantic work of the Portuguese literature.
Josep Carner (1884-1970), Catalan poet and translator of Dickens. At summer vice-consul in Le Havre.
Jorge Will square Andrade (1903-1978), poet and Ecuadorian politician. It was several years consul in Le Havre. It wrote there, inter alia, the poem " Bells of Le Havre of grâce".
François Bertrand, (more known under the name of sergeant Bertrand) (1823-1878), nécrophile very known of. He lived the 22 last years of his life in Le Havre (according to the very thorough investigation of its biographer Michel Dansel)
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797), writer and English publicity agent, precursory of feminism, mother of Mary Shelley the author of Frankestein . With lived several months in Le Havre where it had taken refuge during Terror and where it birth gave to its first child, Fanny.
Christine Lagarde (1956 -), lawyer and current minister Frenchwoman of the Economy, Finances and Employment

The sport high level native of Le Havre

To deepen

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