Laval university

the University Laval account among largest and prestigious University S of the Quebec and the Canada. It constitutes oldest establishment of Higher education of Canada, the fourth in North America, after the autonomous University of Saint-Domingue, the autonomous National university of Mexico and the Université Harvard, therefore the oldest educational establishment Francophone of America.

Its principal campus is located in the Holy-Foy-Sillery Arrondissement of of the Ville of Quebec. Its current Recteur is Denis Brière.

History

The origin of the University goes up with 1663 with the foundation of the Séminaire of Quebec by François of Montmorency-Laval, the first bishop of the News-France. In 1852 a royal charter of the queen Victoria constitutes the Laval University, which will have as manager the Seminar of Quebec. In 1878, the Seminar opens one branch Laval University with Montreal, which will become the Université of Montreal in 1920.

In addition to being the first university in Quebec and Canada, the Laval University was also the first university Francophone in America, and the older fifth (all confused languages) after the autonomous University of Saint-Domingue (1538), the National university of San Marcos (1551), the autonomous National university of Mexico (1552) and the Université Harvard (1636).

Located in the " District latin" from Old man-Quebec during its first century of existence, she will move the major part of her activities on a vast campus which is set up in " City universitaire" in what is now the district Holy-Foy-Sillery in the years 1950 and 1960. In 1971, a new charter is approved by the National Assembly of Quebec. The University will be from now on nondenominational.

Symbols

The currency of the Laval University is: “Deo favente haud pluribus impar”, which means: “With the grace of God, with no one another comparable”. It is inspired by that of Louis XIV, “Nec pluribus impar”.

The weapons reproduce the features of the blazon of Montmorency-Laval, founder of the Séminaire of Quebec: one ecu decorated with a cross charged with five shells and confined of sixteen let us alérions without nozzle nor legs, symbolizing the enemies overcome at the time of pilgrimages to which to share the ancestors of Laval had taken. However, the colors of the blazon of the University are reversed compared to those of the blazon of Montmorency-Laval.

The flag of the University is a banner with the weapons of the ecu.

Profile

In 2005, the Laval University offered 350 programs of studies, of the first to the third cycle, with more than 38.000 students. It belongs to the 10 more important Canadian universities as regards research with more than 250 million dollars in funds of research and international cooperation. The University also attracts nearly 2.500 foreign students each year, and approximately 1.000 students of the English Canada and Acadie. The program French for not-French-speaking people also offers a French language formation second to the students coming from English Canada and the rest of the world.

The campus

The campus of the University Laval, one of most remarkable of Quebec, is composed of about thirty houses on an entire surface 1,9 km ² in the middle of the Québécois agglomeration, true city in the city.

The university residence is a quadrilateral delimited roughly speaking in north by the Way of the Four-Middle-class men and the Way Holy-Foy, in the south by the Boulevard Bay-tree, the east by the Myrand Avenue and the west by the Highway Robert-Bourassa (the House of the Services and Envirotron make however exception, being located at the west of the Highway Robert-Bourassa). Many spaces of parking are available near the majority of the houses. A cycle track passes by the campus, which is also served by many courses of Autobus.

Practically all the houses are connected by a long network of tunnels of more than 10 km. These tunnels are very fréquentés, especially in Winter, when the temperature passes under the freezing point.

The campus has a security service 24:00 /24h and 4 residences coeds (2 400 rooms on the whole). Two of the residences are mixed and two others unisexes.

56% of the surface of the campus are covered with wood, of green areas, and sports grounds. The campus lodges a flora and a very diversified fauna, counting approximately 67 species of Feuillu S and Conifère S, 60 species of birds, like 15 species of animals. One finds a botanical garden of 6 hectares there, the Botanical garden Roger-Van den Hende.

Moreover, the campus of the Laval University is located at ten minutes of walk of the Cégep of Holy-Foy.

the campus of the Laval University considering top of the airs on Google Maps and in 3D in Google Earth.

Houses of the campus

The year between brackets is that of inauguration of the house.

House Abitibi-Price (1950): It includes/understands the faculty of forestry and geomatic. It was thus named in the honor of the company Abitibi-Price, generous donor. Monumental sculpture of a sheet of tree in Steel corten flowering ash the building. One finds there the Theater of the university residence (TCU), which can contain more than 600 people
Pavillon Adrien-Pouliot (1962): It includes/understands several departments of sciences applied (chemical engineerings, civil, metallurgy and materials, electric and data-processing, geological, mechanical) as well as the departments of data processing and geology of the Faculty of Science and genius. It lodges also research centers and pulpits of, the such Research center on the concrete infrastructures (CRIB), the Regrouping Aluminum (REGAL) and the industrial Pulpit of research in exploitation of the infrastructures subjected to freezing (CREIG). It was named in the honor of the mathematician Adrien Pouliot, senior of faculty between 1940 and 1956. A mosaic of the Québécois artist of reputation Jordi Bonnet flowering ash the northern front of the building.
House Agathe-Lacerte (1965): It counts residences of students and a nursery. Its name commemorates the memory of Agathe Lacerte, first professeure of the University.
House Alexandre-Vachon (1962): It counts several departments of pure sciences of the Faculty of Science and of genius (physical, physical and optical genius, biochemistry and microbiology, biology, chemistry (including the Research center in science and engineering of the macromolecules, known as CERSIM), mathematics and statistics), the school of the actuary profession as well as the scientific library. One also finds the Research center there on the properties of the interfaces and catalysis (CERPIC) as well as the Center of optics, photonic and laser (COPL). It is named in the honor of Alexandre Vachon, vice-chancellor of the University in 1939-1940. The form out of silo of the Particle accelerator of the type Générateur of VAN DE GRAAFF of the department of physics is located at the north of the house.
House Alphonse-Marie-Parent : He counts residences of students and a nursery. Its name was given to him in memory of Alphonse-Marie Parent, vice-chancellor of the University of 1954 to 1964, and chair royal Commission of enquiry on education Quebec of 1961 to 1966 (the Commission Relative).
House H. - Biermans-L. - Moraud (1957): It comprises residences coeds. It was named thus in the honor of two generous givers, the senator Lucien Moraud and the Belgian businessman Jean-Hubert Biermans.
House Jean-Charles-Bonenfant (1968): It comprises the Faculty of the higher learning, the Institute of old studies, the Service of finances, the Service of human resources, the Vice-vice-chancellorship with human resources, etc, but especially the Bibliothèque of the University. Also the Institute of old studies there Jean-Charles Bonenfant finds was professor at the University but also librarian with the library of the legislature of Quebec.

House Louis-Jacques-Casault (1960): Created first of all under the name of Great Seminar, it was integrated into the University in 1978. Work of the famous Québécois architect Ernest Cormier, its form points out the purified lines of a church and is one of the symbols of the visual identity of the Laval University. Its name points out the name of the first vice-chancellor of the University, Louis-Jacques Casault. One finds there the Faculty of music, the department of information and communication of the Faculty of Arts as well as the department of geomatic sciences and the Research center into geomatic of the Faculty of forestry and geomatic. Moreover, Library and Public records of Quebec (Public records of Quebec) are located in this vast building. The center museographic of the University Laval (" The museum of the origines") there was also located of 1986 until its closing in 2000. Since May 2007, the space of offsets museographic is occupied by the LAMIC (Laboratory of museology and engineering of the culture), the first Canadian center of experimental museology.
Central of energy : It shelters, in addition to its title, the Service of the buildings (known in the past under the name of Service of the grounds and buildings). A cooled water power station was also supplemented in 2004 to meet the needs for the new houses as regards air-conditioning.
House Charles-In Koninck (1966): Named in the honor of Charles De Koninck, senior of the Faculty of philosophy of 1939 to 1956 and in 1965, it shelters a good part of faculties and departments of social sciences: Faculty of Law, Faculty of Arts, Faculty of social sciences (partly), School of the languages, departments of anthropology, geography, history, the literatures, languages, linguistics and of translation, political science, sociology. One finds there moreover the Québécois Institute of the high international studies and the inter-University Center of Québécois studies.
House Charles-Eugene-Merchant (1994): It is about a house of research in life sciences. Its name is that of the philanthropist whose gift allowed its construction. One finds moreover computer and the scientific bio-data processing center there of the university, as well as the CREFSIP, the Research center on the function, the structure and the engineering of proteins.
House Paul-Comtois (1966): It bears the name of Paul Comtois, agronomist and Lieutenant-governor of Quebec of 1961 to 1966. It comprises the buildings of the Faculty of Science of agriculture and the food as well as Faculty of Science nurses. One finds there moreover the Group of studies in public nutrition (GENUP), the Research center in sciences and technologies of milk (STELA), the Research center in agroalimentary economy (CREATED), and the Group of research in agricultural economy and policy (GREPA).
House J. - has. - DeSève (1990): One finds there the departments of economic and the Labor relations, in addition to the Head office of continuing education. Its name was given to him in the honor of a posthumous giver.
House Alphonse-Desjardins) (1995): This vast house of services was named in the honor of Alphonse Desjardins, founder of the popular Caisses Desjardins which contributed financially to its construction. This house now forms a whole with the Maurice-Pollack House. One finds there very many meeting places (agora, Pub of the University, restaurants) and services (local of associations and trade unions, Entrepreuneriat Laval, multi-media showrooms and, Service of placement, Bureau of the sociocultural activities, Service of the businesses coeds, Direction of the public affairs (in the past Service of the communications), Bureau of the purses and financial aid, imageothèque, etc)
Pavillon of Physical education and sports (1970): The " PEPS" is the sporting center of the Laval University. One finds there the department of physical education of the Faculty of Science of education and the division of Kinésiologie of the department of social medicine and preventive of the Medical college, in addition to private clinics of medicine of the sport, physiotherapy and kinesiology and a shop of equipment of sport. The Service of the sports activities there is located and proposes at the same time sports activities for the students and the public in general, as well as teams of sporting elites university, the teams of the Rouge and Gold . The PEPS is the most important sporting center of the east of Quebec. One counts there a swimming pool of Olympic size, two skating rinks for the shoe and the hockey, a covered stage including/understanding an interior track of Athlétisme of 200 meters, four grounds of Tennis, a ground of interior Soccer and walls of Escalade, a large divisible gymnasium on the three surfaces (total: three grounds of Basketball or six of Volley ball or Badminton), a Dōjō (Martial arts), four courts of Squash, four courts of Racquetball/wallyball, rooms multi-sports, a room of Yoga, a room of dance and rooms of drive. On his external grounds, one finds a field of practice of Golf, a stage of football/Soccer, a track of athletics of 400 m, grounds of volley ball on sand, of Softball/Baseball, of Tennis, Soccer and ultimate frisbee.
Envirotron (1993): It shelters the Research center in horticulture of the Faculty of Science of agriculture and the food, where the researchers work on the quality and the harmlessness of the horticultural products like on the use of respectful technologies of the environment. It constitutes moreover the entry of the Botanical garden Roger-Van den Hende opened with the public.
House Ernest-Lemieux (1962): It comprises residences coeds, the service of religious animation and the Security service and prevention. It bears the name of the senior of the Faculty of theology and religious sciences, Ernest Lemieux, which was also superintendent of the first building work on the current campus.
House of the East (1975): It is the residence of the department of social medicine and preventive of the Medical college.
House Eugene-Roberge (1928): Acquired by the University in 1948, this house bears the name of its former owner, Eugene Roberge, legislative adviser of the government of the province of Quebec of 1912 to 1935. The international office of the University there is found.
House Felix-Antoine-Savard (1972): One of both " turns jumelles" campus, its name points out that of Felix-Antoine Savard, senior of the Faculty of Arts between 1950 and 1957. It shelters some services but especially the Faculty of philosophy as well as Faculty of theology and sciences religious. This house also includes the School of psychology as well as the University of town and country planning and regional development.
House Ferdinand-Vandry (1957): Ferdinand Vandry was vice-chancellor of the University of 1945 to 1954. One finds in this house the Medical college and the Faculty of pharmacy. An important construction project will make it possible to double its surface in 2008 and to accommodate other faculties of science of health like the Faculty of Science nurses.
House Laurentienne (1990): This house acts as Training center continuous of the University; one thus finds classrooms there, of conference and videoconference. Indeed, of the systems of videoconference of Tandberg mark are used and allow the communication with other universities, inter alia. The house bears the name of the insurance company Laurentienne which contributed to the financing of the University.
the Small City (1990): This house shelters a center of early childhood (nursery).
House Michael-John-Brophy : The University acquired of this house of Michael-John Brophy in 1958. The secretariat of ethics to research and the Trade union of the professionals and professional of research of the Laval University find themselves there.
House Marie-Sirois : This house shelters the Association of the students registered with higher learning (ÆLIÉS). Its name commemorates that of the first graduate woman of the Laval University in 1904.
Pavillon Maurice-Pollack (1957): This house, which now forms a whole with the house Alphonse-Desjardins, is one of the houses of service of the University, and commemorates the memory of Maurice Pollack, a businessman of Quebec and generous giver. One finds there a plethora of services, of which service of reception and information, associations of which the CADEUL (Confederation of associations of students and coeds of the Laval University), a medical private clinic, the co-operative Zone Laval University, offices of the newspaper studied Impact Campus, editions of the Presses of the Laval University, service of reproduction, service of orientation, etc
dental Pavillon of medicine (1975): This house shelters, such as its name indicates it, the dental Medical college. Its buildings shelter also the Group of research in oral ecology (GREB).
House Palasis-Prince (1952): Named according to Palasis Prince, founder of the Faculty of Science of the administration, one finds all the departments there depending on this faculty.
House of the Services (1963): It lodges the Division of the animals of laboratory of the Vice-vice-chancellorship to research as well as the INAF (Institute of nutraceutic and functional food). This institute is connected to the Faculty of Science of agriculture and the food. The House of the Services was completely renovated a few years ago. A large butterfly decorates the front of the house.
House of sciences of education (1968): One of both " turns jumelles" university, it shelters the Faculty of Science of education, the cabinet of the vice-chancellor as well as the Vice-vice-chancellorship with the administration and finances, the Vice-vice-chancellorship with research and the Vice-vice-chancellorship being studied.
House Gene-H. - Kruger (2005) is a very new house of teaching and research in genius of the wood inaugurated in 2005. Named in the honor of the son of the founder of the forest company Kruger, generous donor, Gene H. Kruger (1902-1988). It is about a green Bâtiment, ecological construction entirely built out of wood and non-polluting materials, using to the maximum solar energy for its heating and natural ventilation. source
House of photonic optics laser (2006): The house of optics-photonic, juxtaposed with the house Alexandre-Vachon, shelters the laboratories of the Center of optics, photonic and laser (COPL), the most important research center into optics-photonic of Canada. Its construction began in November 2004 and its opening was held in September 2006. It is about an investment of 32 million Canadian dollars.

Sites of teaching and research out-campus

The University counts several sites of teaching and research apart from the campus where are gathered the majority of its houses.

Building of the Factory (1993): In the district Saint-Roch (district of the City, in Quebec), this old industrial building built in 1886 was used as manufacture of female underclothing for the Dominion Corset until 1988. The School of visual arts of the University is found there, as well as an artistic shop of material.
Building of Old man-Seminar-of-Quebec : Located in Old man-Quebec, this building belongs to the original site of the University before its removal on the current campus. It is there that the Seminar of Quebec per Monseigneur of Montmorency-Laval in 1663 was created. The School of architecture there is found.
Forest Montmorency (1964): The Montmorency Forest is located in the middle of the solid mass of the Laurentides, in the faunal Reserve of Laurentides to an about sixty kilometers in the north of Quebec. Its territory is a laboratory with open sky as regards forest installation and fact part of the Faculty of forestry and geomatic as an experimental station. In addition to the activities of teaching and research which proceed there, the site is opened to the public and one finds there four paths of Hiking in season, as well as paths of Ski touring and Raquette in winter. One can practice also there fishing with the fly and the bicycle of mountain. The summer, a camp of summer for the young people from 12 to 16 years on the topic of the forest is also organized.
international School of summer of Bored (2002): Depending on the Faculty of installation, of visual architecture and arts, this school located at Bored in Gaspésie, in the Villa James and the House Biard , offers intensive formations of summer in visual art, architecture, philosophy and graphic design.
Office of Montreal : The Laval University has an office in Montreal (630 rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montreal). Various units of the University have their office in Montreal to approach the customers of this area. The Head office of continuing education, the Foundation of the University Laval, the Service of placement, the Association of the graduates and the Office of information and promotion of the Management of the public affairs have well-established at the office of Montreal of the Laval University.

Sporting teams

The sporting teams of the University are the clubs Rouge & Or. Currently, there are thirteen clubs Rouge & Or:

The Red club of football and Gold generates a strong passion, in particular to have gained four times the Coupe Basket maker in 1999, 2003, 2004 and 2006. The home matches are played in front of approximately 25.000 spectators on average in 2007.

Faculties

The University counts 17 faculties:

Installation, Architecture and visual Arts
Right
Higher learning
Forestry and Géomatique
Letters
dental Medicine
Medicine
Music
Pharmacy
Philosophy
Sciences of the administration
Sciences of agriculture and the Food
Sciences of education
Sciences and Genius
Sciences nurses
Social sciences
Theology and Religious sciences

Like 66 departments, schools and institutes:

the Actuary profession
Town and country planning and Regional development
Anatomy and Physiology
Anesthesiology
Anthropology
Architecture
visual Arts
Biochemistry and Microbiology (genius and Faculty of Science)
Biology
medical Biology
Chemistry
Surgery
agroalimentary Accounts Department
Economy and Sciences of Economic consumption
Physical education
Studies onteaching and the training
Finance and Insurance
Bases and practices in education
Chemical engineering
Civil engineering
Genius of the mines, the metallurgy and the materials
Electronic engineering and data-processing Genius
mechanical Engineering
Geography
Geology and geological Genius
History
Information and Data-processing Communication
and software Genius
Institute of old studies
Institute of ethics applied HTTP: /www.ethiques.ca/IDÉA
Institute of the electronic Businesses
Institute of the Nutraceutiques and the functional Food (INAF)
Québécois Institute of the High international studies (IQHEI)
Institute on the Ageing and the social Participation of elder (IVPSA)
Languages
Languages, Linguistic and Translation
Literature
Management
Mathematical Marketing
and Statistical
Medicine
family Medicine
Social medicine and preventive
Obstetric Microbiology
and Gynecology
Operations and Systems of decision
Otorhinolaryngology and Physical Ophthalmology
Pediatry
, physical Genius and Optical
Phytology
Psychiatry
Psychology
Radiology
Readjustment (Ergothérapie, Physiotherapy, Orthoepy)
Labor relations
Political science
animal Sciences
countable Sciences
Sciences of the food and Nutrition
Sciences of wood and the forest
geomatic Sciences
Social service
Sociology
Grounds and agroalimentary Genius
organisational Information systems

Famous members

Teaching staff

Hendrik Bouman - Dutch Québécois musician and type-setter
Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau - 1st Prime Minister for Quebec
Edmund James Flynn - 12th Prime Minister for Quebec
Adélard Godbout - 17th Prime Minister for Quebec
Jean-Marie De Koninck - Mathematician, sportsman and founder of the Operation Red nose
Rodolphe De Koninck - Geographer
Jean-Paul To combine It - Former mayor of the Town of Quebec
Claire the Happy-Dubé - Former judge of the Supreme court of Canada and current Ombudsman of the City of Quebec
Marcel Bélanger - Québécois Poet
Henri-Raymond Casgrain - Historian, critical literary and Québécois man of the church
Claude Cossette - Specialist in publicity and writer Québécois
Jean-Baptist-Antoine Ferland - religious Man
Claude Morin - Parliamentary and professor
Neil Bissoondath - Québécois Writer
Alain Beaulieu - Québécois Writer
Jean-Christmas Pontbriand - Québécois Poet
Louis-Albert Vachon - Vice-chancellor of the Laval University and then archbishop of Quebec
Claude A. Simard - Canadian Artist-painter

Former students

Prime Ministers of Canada

Louis SAINT LAURENT - 12th Prime Minister of Canada
Brian Mulroney - 18th Prime Minister of Canada
Jean Chrétien - 20th Prime Minister of Canada

Prime Ministers for Quebec

Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau - 1st Prime Minister for Quebec
Edmund James Flynn - 10th Prime Minister for Quebec
Simon-Napoleon Relative - 12th Prime Minister for Quebec
Louis-Alexandre Taschereau - 14th Prime Minister for Quebec
Jean Lesage - 19th Prime Minister for Quebec
Rene Lévesque - 23e Prime Minister for Quebec
Lucien Bouchard - 27e Prime Minister for Quebec

Others

Andre Arthur - Radio presenter and federal deputy of the district Portneuf-Jacques-Cartier
Guillaume Beaulieu - militant altermondialist
Esther Delisle - historian and auteure
Lawrence Canon - federal minister for Transport, the Infrastructure and the Communities
Louis-Honore Fréchette - poet, actor and writer Québécois
Adolphe-Basile Routhier - Québécois writer and judge
Claude Cossette - specialist in publicity and writer Québécois
Jean-Paul Desbiens - writer, teacher and monk Québécois
Nicolas Dickner - Québécois Writer
Madeleine Ferron - écrivaine Québécois
Jean Hamelin - Québécois historian
Pierre-Luc Lafrance - Québécois writer
Pierre Morency - poet, novelist, Québécois radio presenter and ornithologist
Claude Morin - parliamentary and professor
Marcel Pip - trade unionist
Jean Provencher - historian, essay writer, TV host and historian Québécois
Monique Proulx - écrivaine Québécois and scenario writer
Rene Root - astrophysicist
Adrien Thério - Québécois writer
Pauline Marois - chief of the Party Québécois and appointed of the National Assembly

Graduates on a purely honorary basis

Janette Bertrand - journalist, actress, writer and Québécois feminist
Dye stick Bissonnette - Journalist, écrivaine and administrator Québécois
Henri-Raymond Casgrain - Historian, critical literary and a Québécois man of the church
Paul Desmarais Jr. - Copresident director-general of Power Corporation, Handing-over of a doctorate in sciences of the administration
Maurice Duplessis - 16th Prime Minister for Quebec
German Guèvremont - Écrivaine Québécois
Adélard Godbout - 15th Prime Minister for Quebec
Cardinal Walter Kasper - President of the pontifical Council for the promotion of the unit of the Christians
Jean Lesage - 19th Prime Minister for Quebec
Julie Payette - 1st Québécois astronaut in space
Paul Saved - 17th Prime Minister for Quebec
Gilles Vigneault - Poet and a song writer and performer inhabitant of Quebec

The AELIÉS

The association of the Students and Étudiantes of Laval Inscrits to the Higher learning [http://www.aelies.ulaval.ca] is the association of the coeds who represents all the registered students controls some and doctorate. Crééé in 1967 under the name of the UGIL (Union of Graduated Registered in Laval), the AELIÉS is the greatest association of students of higher cycles of Quebec.

With more 9.000 enquiring students, the AELIÉS places at the disposal of the Laval University and the government of Quebec of many research active of the education system, in and the study living conditions of the students in Quebec and Canada. With its annual event of scientific popularization called Public Laboratory, the AELIÉS presents the last discoveries and scientific inventions of the students of the Laval University. It is also the initiator of the Public Pulpit which presents the greatest public conferences of the town of Quebec. This cycle of conference accommodates each year of many intellectuals, politicians and leaders of the civil society to discuss topics of topicality.

The AELIÉS offers many subsidies to research with the students all while accompanying them in their mental activities by defending their rights.

The CADEUL

The Confederation of associations of students and coeds of the Laval University is the association coed which represents all the students registered with the first cycle at the Laval University.

With nearly 80 departmental associations and facultaires and more than 28.000 members, the CADEUL is most important association coed representing only the students of first cycle in Quebec. Its operation gives the possibility so much to the students than with associations coeds to imply itself within the various authorities of the Laval University and the Confederation itself. The purpose of it is to represent its members attached to the commissions and groups university and governmental. Its mission: to defend the rights and the interests of the matter students teaching, political, economic, social and cultural as well within the Laval University as on the regional and national scene.

The CADEUL also places at the disposal of the students several achievements and services being able to be useful to them, that is to defend oneself in the event of problems in the academic plan, to provide material with an aim of ensuring the success of a project or to support a dynamic sociocultural medium. By the fact even, the CADEUL offers nearly 250 employment on the campus in addition to constituting a considerable funding source for hundreds of student projects.

Facts varied on the Laval University

the Astéroïde (14424) Laval is named in the honor of the University.
According to the review Quebec Science, three of the ten discovered scientific of the year 2006 with the Quebec was carried out by enquiring of Université Laval, that is to say Barbara Papadopoulou and Serge Rivest, of the Medical college, and Simon Rainville, of the Department of physics, physical genius and optics.
C´est in Laval qu´ont be create, in 1996, the Jeux of the communication, tournament between several Canadian universities.

External bonds

University Laval
Hamelin, Jean. '' Histoire of the Laval University: adventures of an idea - line project Our roots - Holy-Foy, Presses of the Laval University, 1995,341 p.