Latvian

The Latvian (or lette ) is a Langue which belongs to the Baltic group Eastern of the Indo-European family.

History

Narrowly related with the Lithuanian , the Latvian was formed until the 16th century of a named branch the latgalien. This branch also included/understood the Curonien, the Sémigalien and the Sélonien now disappeared. The oldest texts written in Latvian are anthems translated by Nicholas RAM, German Pasteur with Rīga, collection which goes back to 1530.

Later, it took during its history the influence of the German , but also of the Live, the Estonian and the Russian . Like country, the Latvia had historical links prolonged with the Germany, the Poland, the Sweden and the Russia. So many during the era the Tsar S, when Latvia belonged to the empire of Russia, that during the Soviet occupation in second half of the 20th century, several Russians emigrated in the country without learning the Latvian. But the Latvian did not lose his statute of official language. Today, the Latvian is the native tongue of almost 60% to the population to the country and to less than 50% in the principal cities. In the process for independence of the beginning of the Years 1990, Latvia, just like the Estonia, proposed laws to prevent the extinction of the language.

Dialects

The Latvian is divided into three principal dialects: the livonien, the high Latvian (latgalien) and the Western Latvian who represents current literary form.

Geographical distribution

He is the native tongue of 1,4 million people in Latvia where it is the official language and of approximately 500.000 people abroad.

Writing

Although one wrote in Gothic script before the 20th century, it uses the Latin alphabet today enriched by diacritic signs (Macron, Háček, Cédille). Its alphabet of 34 letters does not contain Q , W , X nor there (except in foreign words), but adds the diacritées letters to it ā , č , ē , ģ , ī , ķ , ļ , ņ , ŗ , š , ū and ž . The phoneme noted by ŗ being itself amuï, the letter nowadays is generally ignored, at least in the publications of clean Latvia. The ö is used only in the dialect latgalien and one ceased his use at the beginning of the Années 1940.

The Diphtongue S have , with the , I.E.(internal excitation) , ia , iu , ui and uo is written respectively have , with the , I.E.(internal excitation) , IE , iu , ui and O .

Phonetics

Each Phonème is noted by a clean letter, except for dz and dž , from the two sounds written by the letters E and ē (opened and closed), and the oral vowel O (long or short) of the foreign words is not graphically distinguished from the properly Latvian diphthongue O - which can be noted in didactic works uo . It is thus easy to guess the pronunciation of a word by reading it. The Pitch is not mobile, as in the Lithuanian, but is placed on the first Syllabe, with some exceptions.

To describe the Latvian alphabet without integrating the digraphs into it ( dz , dž and the CH now abandoned, as well as the diphthongues) watch the great confusion which reigns in the works and the spirits. Except sometimes for IE - that one can find placed after I and ī -, the diphthongs are not distinguished in the alphabetical lists. One thus finds them in the order purely alphabetical Latin.

Grammar

  • From the typological point of view, the Latvian is a inflected Language.
  • the names are divided as into French between two kinds: female masculine or, each one being characterized by specific terminations. The number duel appears in rare cases.
  • the names are divided into six or seven groups of variation, according to the grammairiens and their appreciation of the exceptions - not very many, in a system certainly complexes, but regular.
  • the system of variation includes/understands seven cases: Personal, Genitive, Accusative, Dative, Instrumental, Rental, Vocative. However, the Instrumental being - almost always - identical in the singular with the Accusative , in the plural with the Dative, of the grammairiens - not very concerned rigor - evacuated their works.
  • There does not exist article.
  • For the adjectives - variables in kind and of number -, there exists a definite form and an indefinite form, each one according to its variation.
  • the verbal system comprises three simple times: present, imperfect and future, and three times made up: Last made up, Pluperfect, Future former. There exist five modes: the indicative , the Imperative , the Conditional , the conjunctive (which is used to express a doubt about the truth of an assertion) and the Débitif.

Vocabulary

See too

  • Manual Manual French-Latvian of conversation free French-Latvian online.

Internal bonds

Beats-smg: Latviu kalba Be-X-old: Латыскаямова

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