Latin Variations

The variations Latin be are 5 and lay out each of 6 Cas (Nominatif, Vocatif, Accusatif, Génitif, Datif and Ablatif). One 7th case, the Rental , vestige of antiquated Latin, remained in traditional Latin in some particular expressions, especially to express a place.

The singular genitive of the name determines to which variation it belongs:

  • - ae: 1st variation

  • - I: 2nd variation
  • - is: 3rd variation
  • - custom: 4th variation
  • - I.E.(internal excitation): 5th variation

The adjectives are declined like the names: in the sentence, they take the case of the name which they determine or qualify.

The qualifying adjectives are divided into two classes. The first class corresponds to the first and second variations of the name, the second with the third variation of the name.

The determining adjectives (conclusive, indefinite, interrogative) and the pronominal adjectives have clean variations.

The pronouns (personal, conclusive, indefinite, interrogative) are declined. In the sentence, they take the case of the names which they replace. They have clean variations.

The models for the variations are not inevitably those because that depends on the method in which one learns.

Variation of the names

1st déclinaison'

  • female Names (in majority) and male

    • Model: ros' a' , ros' æ , F (pink)

table of the 1st variation: Exemple' : Ros Am spectamus (We look at the pink) Ros As spectamus (We look at the pinks).

2nd déclinaison'

  • male Names (in majority) and female

    • Model: domin' us' , domin' i' , m (main)
    • Model: ager, agr' i' , m (field) (on this model are declined the majority of the names finishing in - er , from which the last E falls to the cases other than the personal one and the vocative singular)
    • Modèle: puer, puer' i' , m (child) (similar to ager , with this close the last E is preserved at all the cases; on this model decline themselves to obstruct (son-in-law), socer (father-in-law), vesper (evening), liberi (children, a plural which do not have singular) and also to vir, vir' i' , m (man, with the male direction) )
  • neutral Noms
    • Modèle: Scut' um' , Scut' i' , N (the Master)

Table of the 2nd variation: Example: Dominus severus is (the host is severe). With the form of " puer" : Roma pueros Luteciae fascinit (Rome fascine children of Lutèce).

Note:

  • the dative and the ablative plurals of the 1st variation were at the origin in - abuse . Form preserved for dea (goddess) and filia (girl) which makes deabus and filiabus , in the expressions filiis and filiabus and deis and deabus to avoid confusion with the dative and ablative plurals of deus (god) and filius (wire) (2nd variation).
  • the singular genitive of the 1st variation was at the origin in - ace . Form preserved in the expression Lord's Prayer famili' ace or paterfamili as' (father) .
  • the terminations in - custom and - um were at the origin in - bone and - om . These old forms meet sometimes when the termination is preceded by - U or - v (example serv' bone instead of serv us' (slave) ).
  • Some rare neutral words of the 2nd variation have a personal singular in - custom . vir' us' , vir' i' (poison) . -->Leurs vocative and the accusative singular are identical to the personal one: vir' us' , vir' us' , vir' us' , vir' i' , vir' o' , vir' o' , vir' a' , vir' a' , vir' a' , vir' orum' , vir' is' , vir' is .
  • Of the words of Greek origin in - ace or - be with the personal singular follow the 1st variation, but their singular vocative is in - has . Example: æne as' , æne' a' , æne' am' , æne' æ , æne æ , æne a' (Énée) .
  • Of the words of Greek origin in - have with the personal singular follow the 2nd variation, but their singular vocative is in - have . Example: Orphe' us' , Orphe' u' , Orphe' um' , Orphe' i' , Orphe' o' , Orphe' o' (Orphée) .
  • singular vocative of filius (wire) and certain proper names in - ius can be contracted in - I instead of - IE ( fili instead of filie ).
  • singular genitive of the words in - ius is often contracted in - I instead of - II ( fili instead of filii ).
  • deus (god) (2nd variation) transforms the E of radical sound into I in front of a Désinence starting with I (and can also simplify II in I : dii or di instead of dei , diis or say instead of deis . Moreover the singular vocative dee rare, is more often replaced by deus .
  • the names of cities or small islands belonging to 1st and 2nd variations have a locative, similar to the genitive. It is also the case for humus (ground) , bellus (war) and militia (armed) .

3rd variation

The 3rd variation breaks up into two groups: the parisyllabic ones (plural genitive in - ium ) and the imparisyllabiques ones (plural genitive in - um ), according to whether the personal singular has or the same number of Syllabe S does not have as the singular genitive. However, there exist false imparisyllabic , old parisyllabic from which the last vowel fell to the personal singular (they are the words male or female whose radical of the genitive ends in two consonants, and the neutral words finishing in - Al and - rear ), and of the false parisyllabic (6 irregular words). In all the models, the singular vocative is identical to the personal singular, just as the singular accusative of the neutral words; all the other cases are built on the radical of the singular genitive.

  • Parisyllabic masculines and female
    • Model: civis, civ' is' , m (citizen)
  • Parisyllabic neutrals
    • Model: pond, mar' is' , N (sea)
  • Imparisyllabiques masculines and female
    • Model: consul, consul' is' , m (consul)
  • Imparisyllabiques neutrals
    • Model: corpus, corpor' is' , N (body)
  • False parisyllabic masculines and female
    • Model: Lord's Prayer, patr' is' , m (father) (on this model similar to consul are declined: to subdue/matris (mother), frater/fratris (brother), juvenis/juvenis (young man), senex/senis (old man) and canis/canis (dog) )
  • False imparisyllabic masculines and female
    • Model: urbs, urb' is' , F (city) (model similar to civis )
  • False imparisyllabic neutrals
    • Model: animal, animal' is' , N (animal) (model similar to pond )
  • Parisyllabic in I (ending including/understanding a I with the accusative and the singular ablative)
    • Model: febr' is' , febr' is' , F (fever) (on this model are declined only some words: puppis (poop), securis (axe), sitis (thirst), turris (turn), tussis (cough), screw (force) )

Table of the 3rd variation: Example: Tarenta and Syracusa optimi urbes sunt (Tarente and Syracuse are the best cities).

Note:

  • screw (force) , which follows the model of febris , is irregular: the genitive and the singular dative do not exist, in the plural the radical becomes vir- : vir' es' , vir' es' , vir' es' , vir' ium' , vir' ibus' , vir' ibus
  • boss, bov is' , m or F (ox or cow) presents forms contracted to the plural genitive ( boom ) and to the dative and ablative plurals ( bobus or bubus ).
  • known, su' is' , m or F (pig or sow) presents a form contracted to the dative and ablative plurals ( subus ), beside the regular form su' ibus .
  • poema, poemat is' , N (poem) is declined like corpus , but in the plural it can also follow the 2nd variation ( templum ).
  • jecur, jecinor' is' , N (liver) , which does not have plural, can be contracted with the genitive ( jecoris ) and has, in addition to the regular forms on the model of corpus , of the irregular forms to the accusative ( will jecora ), with the genitive ( jocineris ), with the dative ( jocineri ) and with the ablative ( jocinere ).

4th variation

  • male and female Names

    • Model: man' us' , man' us' , F (hand)
  • neutral Names
    • Model: corn' u' , corn' us' , N (horn)
  • an irregular word (of which certain forms hesitate between the 2nd variation and the 4th variation)
    • dom' us' , dom' us' , F (house)

5th variation

  • female Names (except 2 exceptions, dies and meridies , masculines)

    • Model: r' es' , r' ei' , F (thing)

Table of 4th and 5th variations: Example: Manus praeceptoris (hands of the professor).

Note:

  • the dative and ablative plurals of the 4th variation was at the origin in - ubus . Form preserved by some words, as acus (switches), arcus (arc), lacus (lake), quercus (oak), specus (cave), artus (articulation), tribes (tribe), partus (childbirth) and sometimes portus (port) .
  • the singular dative of the 4th variation is sometimes in - U ( man' U , corn U ). It is rare.
  • domus (4th variation) has a singular Locatif: dom I . With the singular dative, the form dom O is rare.

Variation of the adjectives

1st class

The adjectives of the 1st class are formed with the endings of 1st and 2nd variations.

  • Model bon' us' , bon' a' , bon' um' (good) : declines itself like dominus with the masculine, rosa with female, templum with the neutral
  • Modèle miser, miser' a' , miser' um' (unhappy) : declines itself like puer with the masculine, rosa with female, templum with the neutral
  • Modèle pulcher, pulchr' a' , pulchr' um' (beautiful) : declines itself like ager with the masculine, rosa with female, templum with the neutral

Table of the 1st class of adjectives:

2nd class

The adjectives of the 2nd class are formed with the endings of the 3rd variation. Just as in this one, the singular vocative is always identical to the personal singular, all the other cases are built on the radical of the singular genitive, common to the 3 kinds.

  • Model acer, acris, acre (acute) , genitive acris : parisyllabic adjectives, are declined like civis with the masculine and the féminim, like pond with the neutral.
  • Model fortis, strong (extremely) (male and female identical), genitive fortis : parisyllabic adjectives, are declined like civis with the female masculine/, like pond with the neutral.
  • Model prudens (careful) (identical to the 3 kinds in the singular), genitive prudentis : false adjectives imparisyllabic, are declined like urbs with the female masculine/, like animal with the neutral.
  • Model audax (daring) (identical to the 3 kinds in the singular), genitive audacis : model almost similar to prudens (cf remarks on the singular ablative in bottom of the table), applies to all the adjectives in - ax , - OX or - ix .
  • Model vetus (old) (identical to the 3 kinds in the singular), genitive veteris : adjectives imparisyllabic (not very many), are declined like consul with the female masculine/, like corpus with the neutral.

Table of the 2nd class of adjectives:

Note:

  • the adjectives in - is as fortis can make the male or female plural accusative in - is instead of - be .
  • the ablative singular male or female of parisyllabic and false imparisyllabic is in - I with the masculine and female, and not in - E like the models corresponding of the 3rd variation (except for the model prudens , or it is in - E when the adjective is referred to a person and in - I when it refers to a thing).
  • the active present participles follow the model prudens , but their male or female singular ablative is always in - E .

Variation of the pronouns and pronominal adjectives

The personal pronouns have a variation which is clean for them. The other adjectival pronouns follow a variation called pronominal which has the singular genitive in - ius and the singular dative in - I.

See the List of the Latin pronouns for the tables of the pronouns .

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