Languages ouraliennes

The languages ouraliennes (of the name of the the Ural, their supposed place of origin) is a family of about thirty spoken languages by about 20 million people in Europe and Asia. The languages ouraliennes having the most speakers are the Estonian , the Finnois and the Hungarian.

Family tree

If the distribution interns languages ouraliennes is prone to debate since its creation, two subfamilies, the Finno-ugric Langues and the Langues samoyèdes are recognized like quite distinct, although some regard the languages samoyèdes as one of the branches of the Finno-ugric family. They would have both for ancestor the Proto-ouralien, which would have been divided into Proto-finno-ougrien and Proto-samoyède.

Many research was made to connect the languages ouraliennes to other families of languages. All at present being very discussed, perhaps the least discussed is that aiming at connecting this family to the Yukaghir. The theory connecting the languages ouraliennes to the altaïques Languages, a very popular time, is rejected today by the majority of the linguists.

The super-families which could include the languages ouraliennes are the following ones:

  • Eurasiatique ;

  • Nostratique ;
  • Proto-World ;
  • Ural-Altaic Languages;
  • Languages ouralo-dravidiennes;
  • Languages indo-ouraliennes;
  • ouralo-Siberian Languages;
  • Languages to ouralo-yukaghir.

Internal classification

The traditional classification of the languages ouraliennes is the following one. The obsolete names are in italic.

Languages samoyèdes

  • Languages samoyèdes of North
    • Enets (Yenets, Samoyède Ienisei ) — almost extinct
    • Nénètse ( Yurak )
    • Nganassan ( Tavgy , Tavgi , Tawgi , Samoyède Tawgi )
    • Yourats
  • Languages samoyèdes of the South
    • Kamasse — extinct (1989)
    • Mator (Motor) — extinct (19th century)
    • Selkoup ( Samoyède Ostyak )
Finno-ugric Languages
  • Languages ougriennes
  • finno-Permian Languages
    • Permian Languages
      • Komi ( Komi-Ziryène , Ziryène )
      • Komi-Permyak
      • Oudmourte ( Votyak )
    • finno-volgaïques Languages
      • Husband ( tchérémisse )
      • Langues mordves
        • Erza
        • Mokcha
      • extinct finno-volgaïques Languages of dubious position
        • Merya (17th century)
        • Mouromien
        • Mechtchérien
      • Languages finno-SAMES
        • Same ( Lappish )
          • SAMES Languages of the West
            • Same of the South
            • Same of EMU — almost extinct
            • Same de Lule
            • Same de Pite — almost extinct
            • Same of North
          • SAMES Languages of the East
            • Same de Kainuu — extinct
            • Same de Kemi — extinct
            • Same d' Inari
            • Same d' Akkala — extinct (December 23rd, 2003)
            • Same de Kildin
            • Same skolt
            • Same de Ter — almost extinct
        • fennic Languages

The languages mordves are closer to the finno-SAMES languages than of the husband.

Typology

The structural main features common to the languages ouraliennes are the following ones:
  • they are agglutinant languages;
  • a great number of Case (on average 13– 14), for example:
    • erza : 12 cases,
    • Estonian: 14 case,
      • Finnish
    • : 15 case (or more),
      • Hungarian
    • : 18 cases (and other suffixes acting like cases),
    • same of Inari: 9 cases,
    • komi: in certain dialects, up to 27 cases,
    • moksha: 13 case,
    • nénètse: 7 cases,
    • same of North: 6 cases,
    • oudmourte: 16 case,
    • vepse: 24 cases;
  • a system of case ouralien from of which all the current languages ouraliennes go down:
    • the personal singular does not have an accidental suffix,
    • the suffixes of the accusative and of genitive are the nasal ones ( - N , - m , etc…),
    • a tripartite distinction in the system of the cases of localization which are divided into forms which correspond about to “”, “towards”, “in/with”; it is particularly visible, for example in Hungarian who has several series of case of localization, like the series “inside”, “outside”, “above”;
  • a vocalic Harmony, lost recently in standard Estonian, but who survives in his dialects;
  • not of grammatical kind;
  • a negative Verb present in almost all the current languages;
  • a Palatalization of the consonants not depending on the vowel which follows, except in certain fennic languages, which after having lost it again acquired it, under the influence of certain vowels;
  • not of Accent playing a part in phonetics;
  • a great number of Postposition S whereas the Préposition S are very rare. ;
  • a common vocabulary of about 200 words, in particular of the parts of the bodies, family members, animals, objects natural, basic verbs and pronouns, and the numeral ones; the derivatives increase the number of common words;
  • of the possessive suffixes, but not of possessive Pronoun;
  • the duel lost by certain branches;
  • of the common markers of Plural: - J/- I and - T /-d ;
  • not verb “to have” but a structure employing the copula and a possessive suffix, or a particular case; for example: Finnish “ Minulla one kalani ” (word for word “sur_moi is poisson_mien”);
  • the numeral ones are followed of a singular;
  • the accent is always on the first syllable, with some rare exceptions.

A selection of cognates

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