Languages athapascanes

The term athapascan indicates a vast whole of native-born people of North America, divided into two principal groups located respectively at the south and the north of Western North America, as well as the family gathering all their languages. The athapascane family is most important of North America, at the same time of many languages and of many speakers (if one also considers the languages also covering South America, the family of the Aztec Langues, which extends to north to Mexico, largely exceeds it of many speakers). Only the algic Langues cover a broader territory. The athabaskan make party of the group Athabskan-Eyak, itself of the group Na-Déné.

The word Athapascan comes from the word cry indicating the Lac Athabasca with the Canada.

Various languages

The 24 septentrional languages athapascanes are spoken in all the interior of the Alaska and the North-West of the Canada, in the Yukon and the Territoires of the North-West as well as in the provinces of Colombia-British, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Several languages athapascanes are Official languages in the Territories of the North-West, in particular the Chipewyan, the Side-of-dog or tlicho, the Loucheux and the slave.

The seven languages athapascanes of the peaceful coast are spoken in the south about the Oregon and north about the California. Isolated from the septentrional languages and those of the coast, the six southernmost languages athapascanes, understanding the various languages Apache S and navajo, are spoken in south-west about the the United States and the North-West about the Mexico.

The eyak and the languages athapascanes form a group called athapascan-eyak . The tlingit is connected in a remote way to this group, with which it trains the linguistic family Na-dené.

Classification

Overall picture

The family of the languages athapascanes divides itself into three geographical groups: septentrional, peaceful and southernmost coast. The fact that the languages of the peaceful coast set up a valid genetic group remains an subject of debate between linguists. The septentrional group is as for him particularly problematic. Because of the absence of the criteria of shared innovation and phonetic correspondences, usually used to define correct regroupings, the family athapascane (in particular septentrional languages) was described as " complex cohésif" by Michael Krauss (1973, 1982). Thus, the ideal model of genetic tree structure of the family ( Stammbaumtheorie ) is perhaps inappropriate. The languages of the southernmost branch are much more homogeneous and constitute only the clearly genetic sub-group.

The list below presents the principal branches of the athapascane family. She is based on the classification of Keren Rice (see Goddard 1996, and Mithun 1999).

  1. Alaska of the south

  2. central Alaska and Yukon
  3. Canada of the North-West
  4. Tsetsaut
  5. Colombia-British power station
  6. Sarsi
  7. Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai
  8. Athapascan of the Peaceful coast
  9. Apache

Branches 1 to 7 correspond to the group (regional) athapascan septentrional. Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai (n° 7) was often attached to the group of the peaceful coast, but, in a recent reflection, Krauss finds it rather rather different from the other languages of this group.

Another classification was developed by Jeff Leer (Tuttle and Hargus 2004:72 - 74):

  1. Alaska (Ahtna, Dena' ina, deg Hit' year, Koyukon, Kolchan, Lower Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Tanana, loucheux, Han)

  2. Yukon (Tsetsaut, NR. Tutchone, S. Tutchone, Tagish, Tahltan, Kaska, Sekani, Dunneza)
  3. Colombia-British (Chop-Witsuwit' in, carrier, Chilcotin)
  4. Eastern Areas (Dene Suline, slave, side-of-dog)
  5. southernmost Areas (Tsuut' ina, Apachean, Pacific Coast Athabaskan)

For the moment, one must still regard the details of the tree structure of the athapascane family as provisional.

One will find the lists detailed of the languages, dialects and under-dialects in the article devoteds to with the three principal groups (septentrional Langues athapascanes, Langues athapascanes of the peaceful coast and southernmost Langues athapascanes).

Note: for lack of correspondence established well of the names of the languages athapascanes in French, the original denominations of the English article () are preserved in the lists below except when the translations are well drawn up in Canada (for example slave, carrier, side-of-dog, etc).

septentrional Languages athapascanes

  • Sub-group of the south of Alaska

1. Ahtna
2. Dena' ina (Tanaina)

  • Sub-group of central Alaska and Yukon

3. deg Hit' year (Ingalik, deg Xinag)
4. Holikachuk (Innoko)
5. Koyukon
6. Kolchan (Upper Kushokwin)
7. Lower Tanana (Tanana)
8. Tanacross
9. Upper Tanana
10. southernmost Tutchone
11. septentrional Tutchone
12. Gwich' in (loucheux, Kutchin)
13. Hän (Han)

  • Sub-group of the North-West of Canada

A. Tahltan-Tagish-Kaska
14. Tagish
15. Tahltan
16. Kaska
17. Sekani
18. Dunneza (Beaver)
B. Slave-skin-of-hare
19. Slave (Slavic)
20. Mountain
21. Bearlake
22. Skin-of-hare
23. Side-of-dog (dogrib)
24. Dene Suline (Chipewyan, Dëne Sųłiné, Dene Soun' liné)

  • Sub-group Tsetsaut

25. Tsetsaut

  • central Sub-group of the Colombia-British

26. Chop (Carrying north)
27. Dakelh (Carrying)
28. Chilcotin (Tsilhqot' in)
29. Nicola (Stuwix)

  • Sub-group Sarsi

30. Tsuut' ina (Sarsi, Tsuu You ina)

  • Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie subgroup

31. Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie (Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanie)

Languages athapascanes of the peaceful coast

  • Sub-group athapascan of California

32. Hupa (Hoopa-Chilula)
33. Mattole-Bear To rivet
34. Eel To rivet

  • Sub-group athapascan of Oregon

35. Upper Umpqua
36. Rogue To rivet (Tututni)
37. Galice-Applegate
38. Tolowa

southernmost Languages athapascanes (languages apaches)

  • Sub-group apache of the plains

39. Apache of the Plains (Kiowa-Apache)

  • Sub-group apache Western

A. Chiricahua-Mescalero
40. Chiricahua
41. Mescalero
42. Navajo (Navaho)
43. Western Apache (Coyotero Apache)

  • Sub-group apache Eastern

44. Jicarilla
45. Lipan

List languages by area

The list below presents the languages athapascanes according to their geographical distribution.

  • Alaska: ahtna, deg hit' year, dena' ina, loucheux, hän, holikachuk, koyukon, lower Tanana, Tanacross, Tsetsaut, Upper Kushokwin, Upper Tanana

  • Yukon: loucheux, Hän, Kaska, Mountain (slave), Tagish, Tutchone, Upper Tanana
  • Territories of the North-West: Bearlake, Chipewyan, side-of-dog, loucheux, skin-of-hares, Mountain, Slave
  • Nunavut: Chipewyan
  • Colombia-British: chop, beaver, carrier, Chilcotin, Kaska, Nicola, Sekani, slave, Tagish, Tahltan, Tsetsaut
  • Alberta: beaver, chipewyan, sarsi, slave
  • Saskatchewan: Chipewyan
  • Washington: Chilcotin, Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie (Willapa, Suwal), Nicola
  • Oregon: Galice-Applegate (Galicia, Applegate), Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie (Clatskanie), Rogue To rivet (Chasta Costa, Euchre Creek, Tututni, Upper Cockle), Tolowa, Upper Umpqua
  • California of north: Eel To rivet, Hupa, Mattole-Bear To rivet, Tolowa
  • Utah: Navajo
  • Colorado: Jicarilla, Navajo
  • Arizona: Chiricahua, Navajo, Western Apache
  • New Mexico: Chiricahua, Mescalero, Jicarilla, Lipan, Navajo
  • Texas: Mescalero, Lipan
  • Oklahoma: Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lime pits Apache
  • Mexico of the North-West: Chiricahua

Proto-athapascan

Phonology

  • a recent rebuilding of the language proto-athapascane is composed of 40 consonants (Cook 1981; Krauss and Golla 1981; Krauss and Leer 1981; Cook and Rice 1989), as presented below:

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See too

External bonds

  • Athabaskan Satellites & Native ASL Ion-Morphs

  • Alaska Native Language Center
  • Yukon Language Center

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