The term language of oil indicates overall the branch of the gallo-Romance languages which developed in the Northern part of the Gaulle, then in the Northern part of the France, in the south of the Belgium (Romance Belgium) and in the Channel Islands.

Langue of oil can have two different directions and two uses:

  • In the singular, the language of oil is synonymous with French in the broad sense, according to the most traditional classification of Romance linguistics. the language of oil implies whereas the varieties of the field of oil are Dialecte S of the French language.
  • In the plural, the languages of oil mean that there are Langue S distinct in the field from oil: the Burgundian-morvandiau , the Champagne , the Inhabitant of Franche-Comté, the French, the Gallo, the Lorraine , the Mayennais, the Norman , the Picardy , the Poitevin, the Saintongeais, the Walloon . A language of oil in the singular means one of the languages of this branch. This vision developed since the years 1970 and competed with the preceding one.
The French Academy retains the following definition: the language of oil gathers the whole of the speeches for which yes said oil . According to this definition, there is thus no particular distinction between the speech francian (French history) and all the others. Moreover, the language of oil being a whole of speeches , it is not necessary to use plural the languages of oil .

History

The use of the term “language of oil” is attested as of the end of the 13th century, it comes from Dante which had named three Romance languages according to the manner of saying “yes”: the “language of oil” (French), the “language of oc” ( lenga of oc , Occitan) and the “language of if” (Italian). Oïl comes from Latin: hoc ille (this one), oc of hoc (this), and if of sic (thus). One said language of oil in the singular because, between and 12th centuries, they were more mutually comprehensible linguistic varieties, rather than of distinct languages strictly speaking. Previously, between IXe and XIIe centuries, one found the term romana lingua , term attested in the Serments of Strasbourg (842).

Between XIIe and XIIIe centuries the majority of the speeches of oil were going to lose importance with the profit of a speech interdialectal supporting the literary and legal exchanges between the areas. This Koinè interdialectale was going then to develop in Paris region (what explains why the speech francian is the base), seat of the capacity, and to pass from the statute of language written to that of spoken language. At the end of XIIIe century this koinè had taken the name of officially French . This language however (and is still) is influenced by the various local languages, which explains why Parisian does not speak French like a Marseillais (occitan) or Namurian (to however speak about oil also).

Roger Bacon, in his Opus maius , written in medieval Latin (translated) in XIIIe century: " Indeed, the idioms of the same language vary according to the individuals, as it arrives at the French language which near the French, from Picardy, Norman and Burgundian varies in manner idiomatic. And the correct terms in the language of Picardy make horror to Burgundian, and even to the closer French… " .

Classification

Classification:
  • Romance Languages
    • gallo-Romance Languages
      • Language of oil, then dialects of oil and languages of oil
      • Francoprovençal or arpitan
      • Language of oc or Occitan (intermediate between gallo-Romance and ibéro-Romance languages)
      • Catalan (intermediate between gallo-Romance and ibéro-Romance languages)
      • Rhaeto-Romanic Group (Romanche, Ladin, Frioulan; intermediaries between gallo-Romance and italo-Romance languages)
      • North-Italian or septentrional Italian (intermediate between gallo-Romance and italo-Romance languages)

French, language of oil

One of the local forms of the language of oil became the French language, which originally developed in Île-de-France and in the Orléanais, and which, during the centuries, was essential like Official language on the whole of the French territory. Or, rather, was imposed like official language and obligatory, more under the Revolution and Napoleon that under the old mode. Nevertheless French asserted itself with less reserve among the speakers of language of oil, since the training of French was much easier for Picardy or Norman that for Breton, Of Provence or Alsatian. In Belgium, French, near to the Walloon and the Picardy one, there too asserted itself in an almost natural way, since it forever be under French domination in a prolonged way (or very little time, under the Revolution and Napoleon). This is why, due to this resemblance, the languages of oil can sometimes be taken for dialects of French, whereas they developed in a parallel way.

Nevertheless, French was largely influenced by all kinds of languages, language of oc understood, as well in his vocabulary as in his syntax.

Outline of the modern languages of oil

The languages of oil, regional languages spoken in France and Belgium are, according to the list drawn up on the basis of report/ratio of April 1999 of Professor Bernard Cerquiglini, the following ones:

  • Burgundian-morvandiau Angevin
  • Champagne
  • Lorraine Inhabitant of Franche-Comté
  • Gallo
  • Norman Mayennais
  • Picardy
  • Poitevin
  • Walloon Saintongeais

Historical French, as an old language of oil of Ile-de-France, is sometimes designated under the term of Francien . This term is a linguistic denomination of the 19th century. Indeed, before one spoke quite simply about françoys or François (delivery then).

The French inhabitant of Quebec is also attached to the languages of oil, it is however not a regional language of France. French is him also imposed on the Quebec, like written language of the inhabitant of Quebec, then like spoken language very short, so due to the phenomenon of resemblance.

Varieties of Norman (Jersey, Guernesiais and Sercquiais) are spoken in the Channel Islands and are recognized like regional languages by the governments of these islands (Jersey and guernesiais it are recognized like regional languages of the British Isles by the the United Kingdom and the Irish Republic within the framework of the Conseil British-Irish ).

The Walloon, the Picardy one, the Lorraine novel (called Gaumais ) (there exist also Lorraine dialects francic) and the Champagne one are recognized in Belgium by the French Communauté as endogenous languages since 1990.

See too

And also:

Simple: Language of oil

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