Kuwait

The Kuwait (Arabic الكويت) is a State, located in Asia, in the north of the Arabic peninsula, on the Persian Gulf. It has as neighbors the Saudi Arabia and the Iraq and its independence was proclaimed the June 19th 1961.

Kuwait is an important producer of Pétrole and is member of OPEC.

History

Policy

Subdivisions

Geography

islands

Island of Failaka

Island of Bubbiyan

Island of Warba

Environment

Country although very Aride shelters a Biodiversité specific to the biogeographic zone. It is located moreover on a major axis of avian migration (biological Corridor).

The marine, ecological resources and halieutics of the country and the under-area were very affected by approximately 400.000 tons of oil poured in the Gulf at the time of the Iran-Iraq war, before the Iraqi invasion does not worsen the problems with the rejection of six million tons of oil in the Gulf, an enormous air pollution which lasted at least a year (in a country which does not have forests and enherbées zones able to trap this pollution). According to the figures available in 2003, the grounds were polluted (approximately 40 million tons of sand polluted).

The trenching, movements of vehicles, and craters of impacts also upset and polluted the Kuwaiti desert and the strategic accesses of installations.

Carcinogenic products, Dioxane S, Furan S and Organochloré S were emitted during nine months by 700 set fire to wells, sprinkled by sea water, and 49 km ² of grounds were covered by more of 300 crude oil floods (that is to say more than the equivalent of 60 million barrels), without very evoking the impacts in term of emissions of Gaz to greenhouse effect.
360 artificial basins of salt water pumped in the gulf was built to extinguish the oil fires. In addition to the production of dioxanes starting from the Chlorine of the salt water (NACL), these waterings locally worsened the Salinisation of the grounds and the Désertification.

The country is rich of its oil, but it seems to have exceeded its peak of production, and it must face the lack of water resources (the tablecloths are localized in the zones of Al-Rudatain and Um-Aish and produce a slightly salted water, which moreover is also used by oil industry. Crossed distilled water, it feeds the drinking water network, with the water of dessalinisation. The tablecloth decreases, in spite of the 1,5 Mds of liters/an produced by desalting of sea water, whereas consumption increases by 7% per annum, with locally, a certain wasting (swimming pools, watering of gardens of leisures). In 2003, there were only 3 great purification plants with Al-Ardiya (80 000 m ³ /jour), Al-Riqa (150 000 m ³ /jour) and with Al-Jahra (80 000 m ³ /jour); treating only one share of nearly 600 M of daily consumed liters of fresh water (=> 405 Mandelevium of liters of water usées/an).

The country must also treat the impacts of the urbanization of the littoral, the proliferation of the wild discharges and/or soldiers and of very serious Séquelles of war causes of an ecological disaster, of which problems of Pollution related on the impacts of the fires of chemical installation or oil well, or to the not exploded Munitions, and/or immersed Munitions. The dangerous industrial waste is not remains about it (80 000 tons per annum towards 2000/2002 according to the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research ), coming primarily from the industry oil and chemical, for which it is necessary to add 1.742.688 t/an solid industrial waste (including 697.724 T semi-solid). Urban waste to some extent poisons was also hidden in the past, without sufficient precaution in sand or of the careers.

High rates of CH4 and Hydrocarbon S, SO2 and of easily precursory NO2 of ozone (being given the exposure raised to UV and the Albedo of the désertifiés grounds) are emitted in the air by oil industry (exploration, drilling, refining, flares) and by the electric thermo plants. The fogs, dew and rare rains are acidifées by the SO2 rejections (the crude contains 4 to 5% of suffers).
7 stations of alarm and monitoring measure air pollution, by publishing measurements on Internet site of the EPA. The country among is touched by the TOZ (winds of sand and dust), which prevails 63 days per annum on average, with peaks in June - July (with respectively 10,8 and 10,2 days/month). This wind has consequences medical (lung diseases and respiratory) and material (degradation of the vehicles and machine elements in the factories.). One cannot exclude that the birds weakened by pollution are there more sensitive to the diseases, of which with the avian flu which brutally extended fine 2006/début 2007 in the country.

Diverses ONG of environmental protection was born in the country to try to cure the situation. The State of Kuwait, via the Public Environmental Authority (EPA) fight against the projection of the desert by various types of barriers against the wind and sand, and by controlling the urban developments and agricultural. It creates also natural reserves. the PAAAFR (Public The Authority for Agricultural Affairs & Fisheries) develops a “national greening plan” aiming at “making green” nearly 21.441 hectares of ground from here at 2015.

Economy

Demography

Culture

Codes

Kuwait has as codes:

9K, according to the List of prefixes ICAO of registration of the aircraft,

See too

References

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