Kubilai Khan

Kūbilaï Khān (1215 - 1294), Mongolian Xubilaï , Mongolian Khan then emperor of China (元世祖忽必烈), he is the founder of the Dynastie Yuan.

Grandson of Gengis Khan, it was born in 1215, during the year of the catch of Beijing by Gengis Khan, which will destroy it completely; he succeeds Möngke, his brother, like large khan of the Mongolian in 1260.

The Mongolian emperor Kūbilaï completes the conquest of the China, settles with Beijing, and in 1271, takes a dynastic title with the Chinese manner, that of the Yuan, without becoming truly a Chinese emperor.

It supplements the conquest of the China by reversing the Dynastie Song South in 1279. In 1280, it unifies the China and founds the Dynastie Yuan. It however fails to conquer the Japan and the Viêt Nam.

In China, it is an enlightened sovereign. He renovates and extends the network of roads, makes rebuild the public edifices and dig the Large channel. He introduces the currency paper, protects arts. He shows mistrust with regard to the Taoïsme. On the other hand, it is tolerant with regard to the various religions, accommodating priests nestoriens and LAMA S Tibetans. In 1253, the 2nd Karmapa, Karma Pakshi (1206 - 1283) gone on a journey which takes three years to him to go to China in answer to an invitation of Kubilai Khan which requires of him to reside in China in a permanent way, but it declines the offer, not wishing to be the cause of conflicts with the school of the Sakyapa S, whose influence was strong in China at that time. Möngke Khan, the brother of Kubilai, is recognized by Karmapa like a former disciple. After the death of Möngke Khan, Kubilai becomes Khan. It had however an objection against the Karmapa which had refused its invitation of the years before and which had been so near to his/her brother. Kubilai Khan orders the arrest and the exile of Karma Pakshi which turns over to the Tibet towards the end of its life.

At its court, Marco Polo is an important civil servant. It is under the reign of Kūbilaï that Beijing would have become for the first time, at the time under the name of Khanbalik ( Cambalou or Cambaluc , 大都, “big city” , of Turkish “qan balïq”), the capital of the whole of China and from where it controlled a vast empire. The residence of summer of Kūbilaï is Shangdu (上都), perhaps famous the Xanadou about which Coleridge speaks (see below).

Invasions

In 1231, the Mongols invade the Korea. After nearly 30 years of war, Korea signs a treaty in favor of the Yuan dynasty.

Attempts at invasions of Japan

See also: Mongolian Invasions of Japan

In 1263, the Mongols send emissary to Japan, threatening it of an invasion if the Japanese do not yield with Mongolian sovereignty. In 1268 a second convoy of emissary is sent to Japan and returns the empty handeds, like its predecessors. Both Ambassade S met Chinzei Bugyo, the police chief of defense for the west, which gave the message to the Shogun to Kamakura and to the emperor to Kyōto. A certain number of messages were sent, certain through Korean and unquestionable emissary by Mongolian ambassadors. The shogunat of Kamakura ordered with all those which had strongholds with Kyushu (the place nearest to the Korea and thus most likely to be attacked) to turn over to their grounds and the forces of Kyushu moved towards the West, thus making safe the places most likely to be attacked. Moreover, services of prayers were organized, and the majority of the governmental businesses were deferred to face this crisis.

Khan was ready to leave in war as of 1268, but realized that the Mongolian empire did not have the resources to get an army and a sufficient marine fleet to him.

The attempts at Mongolian invasions of Japan of 1274 and 1281 were the military operations of scale, undertaken by Kubilai Khan with an aim of conquering the Japanese islands after the Koreans had revealed with the Mongols at which point it would be easy to conquer the Japan, a little organized country according to them. In spite of their failures, these attempts at invasion were very important events because they reflect a brake with the Mongolian expansion and constituted big events in the Japanese history. They are quoted in many works of fiction and are the first authorities where the word Kamikaze , or " wind divin" is largely used. Moreover, except for the end of the Second world war, these attempts at invasion are more menaçantes that Japan knew in addition to 1.500 years.

Other forwardings

In 1292, Kubilai, that the ambitions of the Javanese kingdom of Singosari worries, lance a forwarding which will be pushed back by the son-in-law of the king Kertanegara, died at the time of a revolt.

Wives and descent

De Qoruqchin Khatun, girl of Qutuqu, Merkit chief:

Qoridai (fifth wire)

De Chabui Khatun, girl of Anchen, Onggirat chief and brother of Börte, principal wife of Gengis Khan; died towards 1282/1283:

Dorji (first wire); died young person
Jimgim (second wire) (1243 - 1285) crown prince; accepted the posthumous name of Yuzong emperor; married to Bairamakochi (Bolanyeqiechi), of the tribe of Onggirat; then married to Kokëchin Khatun, girl of Bairam Egechi, + 1300; father of:

Prince Kammala (1263 - 1302); married to Boyam Qielimish, of the tribe of Onggirat, of which Yesun Timur (Taidingdi emperor)
Prince Darmabala, wire of Kokëchin Khatun, (1264 - 1293); accepted the posthumous name of Shunzong emperor; married to Daji, girl of Hundu Timur, the tribe of Onggirat and grandsons of Anchen, one of the brothers of Börte, the wife of Gengis Khan; died in 1322, of which

Prince Amoga
Prince Qaishan (Wuzong emperor)
Prince Ayurbarvada (Renzong emperor)
Princess Sengge Ragi, married Diaoabula, of the tribe of Onggirat, wire of Timur and the princess Nangjiazhen

Prince Timur Oljeit (emperor Chengzong), born from Kokëchin Khatun
Princess Nange Bula, married Manzitai, wire of Nachen, chief Onggirat
Princess Qutadmish, married Korguz, wire of Aibuqa, chief Ongut

Mangqala (third wire) died in 1278
Nomoghan (fourth wire) died towards 1292/1301

De Dörbechin khatun, tribe of Dorban:

Hügechi (sixth wire)
Oqruchi (seventh wire)

De Bayaujin Khatun, girl of Boragchin of the tribe of Bayaut:

Toghan (eleventh wire)

Tëgülun Khatun, girl of Tuolian, grandson of Anchen, Onggirat chief

De Nambui Khatun, girl of Nachen, wire of Anchen, Onggirat chief; titrated principal wife in 1283:

Tamachi (twelfth wire)
Bekhchin Khatun

De Asuzhen Khatun, died in 1281:

Khudulu Qaimish (1258 - 1297), married 1274 Wang Sim (Ch' ungyo) king de Corée

De Hüshijin, girl of Boroqul Noyan of the tribe of Ushin:

Ayachi (eighth wire)
Kököchü (ninth wire)

Unknown mothers:

Qutluq Timur (tenth wire) (1263 - 1283)
Oljei, married to Olochin, Onggirat chief, wire of Nachen
Nangjiazhen, married to Olochin, Onggirat chief, wire of Nachen, died in 1278; then married to Timur, Onggirat chief, wire of Nachen; then married to Manzitai, Onggirat chief, wire of Nachen, died in 1307
Wuluzhen, married Buhua, Ikire chief, wire of Tiemugan
Tuotuohi, married Tumandar, chief Oirat
Yurek, married to Aibuqa, wire of Boyaohe, chief Onggut

Poem

Kūbilaï Khān is the hero of a famous poem of Coleridge entitled Kubla Khan , which starts as follows:

In Xanadu did Kubla Khan
With stately pleasure dome decree
( With Xanadou, Kubla Khan made set up
a majestic dome of pleasure )

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