Kolkhoz
A kolkhoz (in Russian Колхоз,) was an agricultural cooperative in Soviet Union which replaced the Artel S. the word kolkhoz is a contraction of коллективноехозяйство (kollektivnoïé khoziaïstvo) , collective economy. The kolkhozes were set up by Joseph Stalin after the suppression of the private farms in 1928 and their setting in community. As from 1992 and following the fall of the Soviet Union, the kolkhozes are privatisés.
The member of a kolkhoz is called kolkhoznik or kolkhznitsa with female (колхозник or колхозница). The kolkhozniks were paid in shares of the production of the kolkhoz and the profit made by the kolkhoz proportionally with the number of hours worked. The kolkozniks in were authorized to have grounds (about 4 000 m ²) and a little cattle. These advantages in kind made the kolkhoz much more attractive to Soviet compared to the Sovkhoze in which the sovkhoznik were paid.
The first kolkhoz was born in 1917 on the principle of voluntariate but starting from 1929 the participation in a kolkhoz or a sovkhoz was made compulsory by the Soviet authorities.
Certain peasants refused to work in the kolkhozes and thus killed part of their animals rather than to share them. That involved a fall of the bovine production about 1930.
With the fall of the Soviet Union in 1990, the country counted 25 500 farms: 45 % of Sovkhoz S and 55 % of kolkhozes. The intermediate size of a sovkhoz was of 153 km ², that is to say more of the double of that of a kolkhoz. The sovkhozes were more numerous in the East of the country.
These kolkhozes were replaced by the Agricultural organizations.
---- Definition: In U.R.S.S, collective farm
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