Kinyarwanda
Introduction
The kinyarwanda (or Rwanda ) is the national language of the Rwanda. He is spoken by totality about the population. Article 5 of the precise Rwandan constitution: “ the national language is Kinyarwanda. The official languages are the kinyarwanda, French and English. ”
It is a tonal Langue: the direction of the words is different according to the pronunciation. Examples: umus' a' mbi ( has modulated acute-serious) = crowned crane; umus' a' mbi ( has serious length) = plait. a' giye ( has serious) = I left; a' giye ( has acute) = whereas I had left. Contrary to other nonLatin languages transcribed in Latin alphabet, like the Vietnamese for example, there does not exist system the diacritic ones to transcribe tons them. In writing, the direction of the words results starting from the context.
The Kirundi, which is very close to the kinyarwanda, is spoken with the Burundi by 6 million people.
The speakers of the kinyarwanda are called rwandophones . They would be approximately 9 million according to UNICEF.
Classification
The kinyarwanda belongs to the family of the Rwanda-rundis languages of the group of the Langues bantoues.- Classification of Guthrie: D.61, group D.60
- Classification of the SIL: J.60
- Cut Bastin Classification//Mann: J.61
Pronunciation
Sound laws impose variations with certain consonants and vowels joint in the context of adjacency (affixation for example):
- N becomes m in front of B, p, F and v ;
- nh becomes mp , NR becomes Nd
- two vowels identical - > the sound lengthens
- a contact between two different vowels can succeed:
- with the disappearance of the first vowel and the lengthening of the second
- the first vowel can transform into semivowel ( W or there )
The first two syllables of a word are generally of different sonority: a sound syllable followed by a deaf syllable or conversely. Certain prefixes (see below) are inflected thus according to the radical to which they are apondus.
Grammar
Nominal classes
The names are not arranged by kind, but by semantic Classe. Eight prefixes of classes, divided into two groups (fundamental prefixes and qualifying prefixes) are counted. The function of these prefixes can be comparable with that of the French articles. It is the prefix which carries the mark of plural exclusively. Many elements (adjectival, pronouns, quantifieurs, etc) agree in class with the name to which they are referred.
Examples of translation
-
Yego = Yes.
- Oya = Not.
- Ndabizi = I know.
- Simbizi = I do not know.
- Ndashaka amazi = I would like water.
- Mutima = Heart
Integration of the rwandophones in the countries bordering
The rwandophones are well accepted in the countries bordering, Uganda, Burundi, Tanzania, Kenya, except in Democratic republic of Congo. Installed, in this area since several centuries, of which a small portion was in the Kingdom of the Rwanda, detached by the colonizer cartographer, the Banyamulenge rwandophones are the object of a growing ostracism. Although recognizing itself more like Rwandan, they are shown to be pawns of the government of Rwanda and currently take refuge in mass in Burundi, Rwanda and in Uganda. The majority of the Rwandan refugees of 1994 returned to the Rwanda. Elements of the genocidary forces resulting from the rout from the Genocide in Rwanda and thus rwandophones , approximately 15 000 of the old FAR and militia interahamwe, were essential in the area. In August 2004 in a refugee camp in Gatumba in Burundi, approximately 160 Banyamulenge were the subject of a massacre by a badly identified coalition which, according to UNO, was made up of rebels Burundian and Rwandan Hutu as well as Congolese. The survivors of the massacre had much evil to return to Congo because of refusal collectives in various cities of Kivu to the east of Congo, in spite of the protection of the MONUC.
Useful bonds
- First war of Congo
- Second war of Congo
- the massacre of Gatumba and topicality of the area.
See too
External bonds
- the site of the BBC in kinyarwanda
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