Kingdom of Navarre

History

Foundation

Navarre was populated by the Vascons (the Vaccéens of Pline). This region was successively invaded by the Romains, of which it remained a long time the faithful allied one, by the Suèves, the Visigoths, the Arab . At the 8th century, Navarre was under the control of the Banu Qasi (Visigoths converted with the Islam). The advent of the first king de Navarre or king de Pampelune was not done without clashes, so much on the internal plan, because of the opposition of part of the Christian population (minority) to alliance with the Musulmans, that outside, Navarre being threatened on a side by the Émirat of Cordoue (in 781, “Abd Al-Rahmān Ier had seized Pampelune) and other by the Carolingian Empire, with the interventions of Charlemagne initially, then of his/her son Louis '' Débonnaire ''. In 778, Charlemagne subjected it like all the adjoining countries until the Èbre. Navarre extended at that time on the two slopes from the Pyrenees. The kingdom of Navarre, was born from an alliance between the Musulmans and the Chrétiens which disobeyed the religious authority to defend their national independence. Louis Débonnaire, then king d' Aquitaine, gave Navarre to the count Aznar. Become emperor, it had to face several risings of Vascons. In 824, Vascons of Eneko Arista crush one second time the franque armed with Roncevaux. After this victory, Eneko Arista is proclaimed king de Pampelune. His/her son Garcie Ximénès sees his title of king de Navarre confirmed in 860. The independence of Navarre is proclaimed with the Diète of Tribur (887), and titrates it of recognized king with Garcie and its successors. With died of Sanche III the Large one (1035), this kingdom, which then included/understood all North East of Spain, is divided in three kingdoms: Navarre, Castille, Aragon.

In 1076, Sanche IV, king de Navarre, is détrôné by Sanche Ramire, king d' Aragon, his cousin, who joins together the two crowns and transmitted them to its successors. With died of Alphonse Ier (1134), Navarre becomes again a separate kingdom.

Sanche VI is involved in the fight between the kings of France and England at the 12th century, and there loses Bayonne and the Labourd. In 1177, Richard Lion-hearted intervenes against the vassal ones of king de Navarre, in war against him. Sanche VII takes part in the great victory of the Christians over the Moslems with Las Navas de Tolosa (1212), and dies without heir.

Country cottage

In 1234, Thibaut de Champagne, wire of the sister of the last king, White of Navarre, begins a new dynasty. He fights against the English on his northern border. With died of Henri Ier de Navarre, the Blanche regent of Artois takes refuge in France, and the king of France takes regency, and subjects in 1276 his vassal revolted (Guerre of Navarre).

Fastening in France

The marriage of Jeanne Anger of Navarre, with Philippe Beautiful the (1285) links temporarily this country with the crown of France.

With died Charles IV of France, the grand-daughter of Jeanne Anger, Jeanne II of Navarre inherits the kingdom, which is detached from France.

New independence

Navarre successively passes to the houses of Évreux (capétienne), of Ivrée, Grailly, Albret.

Kings de Navarre imply themselves in the Spanish wars, in particular between Castille and Aragon Guerre of two Pedro.

Navarrese civil war

In 1451-1461, a successional quarrel leads to a civil war. Charles III dies without wire in 1425. His/her daughter Blanche of Navarre is married with the heir to Aragon Jean. The marriage contract provides that the two kingdoms will not amalgamate, and that the first wire inherits the kingdom of Navarre. At died of White in 1441, Jean d' Aragon preserves Navarre, despoiling his son Charles de Viane.

Charles de Viane is supported by Beaumont and the Luxury, which are opposed to Gramont, allied with the Viscounts of Béarn and the Viscounts of Dax. After the death of Charles de Viane, the war is temporarily solved by the arbitration of Louis IX of France and Henri IV of Castille to the interview of the bridge of Osserain, in 1462. Jean d' Aragon preserves Navarre until his death; then, the kingdom goes to his/her daughter Éléonore de Navarre, who dies the same year. The crown remains in the family of Béarn.

The solution satisfies only partially the two parties, which guerroient sporadically until the beginning of XVIe century.

The partition and independent end of Navarre

In 1512, Ferdinand the Catholic, king d' Aragon and wire of Jean II, invades Navarre where reign Jean III of Albret and Catherine de Foix-Béarn, and conquers the High-Navarre quickly, and part of Low-Navarre of in addition to-Pyrenees. Jean d' Albret tries to reconquer his kingdom, first once in 1512, but fails in spite of the French assistance, and in 1516. He dies the same year.

In 1518-19, the kingdom is touched by an epidemic of plague. Henri II undertakes, thanks to the assistance French still, and supported by a popular revolt, a reconquest of its kingdom. After some successes, it is beaten with Noain on June 30th, 1521, and loses all its conquests.

It installs its capital with Saint-Palate (Yrénées-Atlantiques). In 1524, Charles Quint invades Guyenne and the Lowone. Henri II is made prisoner with Pavia (February 24th, 1525), and marries the sister of François I {{er}}. A new attempt at reconquest of Navarre succeeds only partially in 1527, before Charles Quint gives up the idea of conquest of Low-Navarre.

In 1548, Jeanne d' Albret, heiress of the kingdom, marries Antoine of Bourbon. Fearing new claims on the Highone, Charles Quint makes proclaim his son Philippe king de Navarre by the States de Navarre.

Navarre is consequently separate in two entities: the Highone (today the Community Forale de Navarre, in Spain), where a viceroy represents the king of Spain, and the Low-Navarre , where the legitimate king has only one small valley. In January 1559, Antoine of Bourbon also tries him to reconquer the Highone, but it fails.

Henri IV, heir to the House capétienne of Bourbon, goes up on the throne of France in 1589, under the name of Henri IV, king de France and of Navarre ; its successors added the title of king de Navarre to that of king de France.

See too

Internal bonds

Navarre, Low-Navarre
the Community forale of Navarre

External bonds

Presentation historical, geographical,… of Navarre on the institutional site of Comunidad (in Spanish)
Statute of autonomy ('' Ley orgánica of reintegración there amejoramiento del Régimen Foral de Navarra '') on the site of the '' Congreso of los Diputados ''
Law Forale of the Basque language (in Spanish)
Sites on the history of Navarre

Sources

Gerard Folio. the citadel and the place of Saint-Jean-Foot-of-Port, the Rebirth at the time Contemporary , in Book of the Center of studies of history of defense n° 25 History of the fortification , 2005 ISBN 2-11-094732-2, On line, consulted on March 3rd, 2007, p 18-28.

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