King d\' Irlande

Name King d' Irlande (in Irish “IH Na hÉireann”) was used for three periods distinct from the Histoire of Ireland.

During the centuries which preceded 1169, the Ireland was probably becoming a kingdom governed by a High-king d' Irlande. Following the incursion cambro-Norman of 1169 in Ireland, Henri II and his successors became “Lords of Ireland”. The treated of Windsor of 1175 recognized as sovereign of all Ireland which was not under the authority Norman the last indigenous king, but the incursions cambro-Normans, which continued, weakened its authority, and after its abdication, this title fell in disuse.

After being itself declared supreme leader of the Church of England, Henri VIII required and obtained Parlement of Ireland in 1541 the legal text instituting it king d' Irlande and chief of the Église of Ireland as from 1542. However, Ireland was before a feudal possession of papacy. In 1155, by the bubble Laudabiliter, the pope Adrien IV had granted to the sovereign of England Henri II the right to govern this country under “Lord of Ireland”. By assuming the title of king d' Irlande, after his Excommunication of 1533 for his refusal to henceforth recognize the spiritual authority of the pope, the English king Henri VIII eliminated in fact papal sovereignty on this territory. In answer, the Pape Paul IV published, on June 7th, 1555, a bubble granting the title of king d' Irlande to Philippe II of Spain. But because of the failure of the Invincible Armada, Philippe II could not take foot in Ireland, and the combined efforts of the Spanish and the gaelic Irish to make move back the English domination on Ireland were destroyed with the Bataille of Kinsale in 1601.

The title of “king d' Irlande” was then used until January 1st, 1801, date of application of the second Acte of Union, which amalgamated Ireland and the Great Britain to create the the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

After creation in 1922 of the free State of Ireland like independent Dominion within the British Empire, the king George V continued to reign in Ireland under king of the the United Kingdom. That was not surprising in Northern Ireland, where six of the nine counties of the province of Ulster had chosen to remain in the United Kingdom, and not to belong to the free State. On the other hand, the use of this title in the free State posed problem, and, in 1927, the old Anglo-Irish title of “king d' Irlande” was taken again to underline the statute of the free State, which was one of some independent countries in the world to share a monarchy.

In 1949, the Eire, Ireland except Northern Ireland, cut the last bond with the monarch, while becoming a République, leaving of this fact the the Commonwealth and putting a term under “king d' Irlande”.

History

Kings of Ireland up to 1607

Ireland Gaelic counted between five and nine kingdoms principal, themselves subdivided in dozen smaller kingdoms. The principal kingdoms were: Connacht, Leinster, Munster, Mide, Ulster, Ailech, Airgíalla, Osraige. Until the end of Ireland Gaelic, they did not cease fluctuating, increasing or narrowing, entirely disappearing or linking themselves in new entities.

The names of Connacht, of Ulster, of Leinster, and Munster are always of use, applying now to modern provinces of Ireland. Here below a list of the principal kingdoms of Ireland and their kings.

  • List of the kings supreme of Ireland - sovereign histories, legendary or mythical until 1198.
  • Kings d' Ailech - O' Neill of Cenél nÉogain (Tír Eógain) until the destruction of Ailech in 1101.
  • Kings de Tir Eogain - kingdom which succeeded that of Ailech, centered on Dungannon and current the Comté of Tyrone; dissolved in 1607.
  • Kings de Tir Conaill - O' Neill of Cenél Conaill also until in 1607 in current the County of Donegal.
  • Kings d' Airgíalla - a federation of nine kingdoms in the center of Ulster.
  • Kings de Breifne - an expansionist kingdom of Connacht, separating Ulster and Leinster.
  • Kings de Connacht - occupying the territory in the west of the river Shannon except Thomond; its last king was established in 1643, and its dynasty, which always exists, is one of oldest of Europe.
  • Kings de Dublin - first kingdom of a new time, founded by the Viking S, annexed by the high kings.
  • Kings de Leinster - its last king died in 1632.
  • Kings de Mide - kingdom located at the center of Ireland, annexed by Connacht at the 11th century.
  • Kings de Brega - another kingdom of the Ui Neill of the south located at the east of the precedent.
  • Kings de Moylurg - created at the 10th century for prince de Sil Muiredaig.
  • Kings de Munster - a kingdom created by Eóganachta at the beginning of the 5th century. In 1194 it was definitively divided between:
    • the kingdom of Thomond of the O' Brien,
    • the kingdom of Desmond of the Mac Carthy.
  • Kings d' Osraige - buffer state enters Munster and Leinster; dissolved in the years 1550.
  • Kings de Tara - the title more crowned Irish history; often confused with “High king”.
  • Kings d' Ulster - precisely in the east of the river Round of applause.
  • Kings de Dál nAraidi small kingdom located on the east coast of Ulster
  • Kings de Dál Fiatach small kingdom located on the east coast of Ulster

Kingdom of Ireland of 1542 to 1801

The title of “king d' Irlande” was created by an act of the Parlement of Ireland in 1541, replacing the “Seigniory of Ireland”, which had existed since 1171, by the Royaume of Ireland. This act established a personal Union between the crowns English and Irish, so that which was king d' Angleterre became also king d' Irlande, and thus the first king was Henri VIII of England.

For a short period at the 17th century, at the time of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, since the committal for trial and the execution of Charles Ier until the restoration of monarchy in England, there was not in fact not “king d' Irlande”, although the title always existed. After the Irish Rebellion of 1641, the catholic Irishmen, organized in Irish Confederation, recognized Charles Ier and, later, Charles II as legitimate monarchs, in opposition with the assertions of the English Parlement, and they However signed a treaty with Charles Ist, in 1649, England became a republic, or the “Commonwealth”, when the Parlement tail, victorious in the English civil wars, carried out Charles the Ist Parlementaire general, Oliver Cromwell, crossed the Irish Sea to crush any attempt at re-establishment of monarchy, and joins together temporarily, but illegally, the England, the Scotland and Ireland under the same government, while being made call “Protector Lord” of the three kingdoms ( to also see the Conquest cromwellienne of Ireland ). After the death of Cromwell in 1658, his/her son Richard seemed the chief of this republic side-British, but it was not able to maintain it. The Parliament with London voted the restoration of monarchy, and Charles II could return of his exile in France in 1660, to become king d' Angleterre, of Scotland and Ireland.

When the first Acte of Union took effect in 1707, joining together England and Scotland in a semi-federal Royaume of Great Britain, the personal union between the crowns Irish, Scottish and English became a personal union between the crowns Irish and British. Kingdom of Ireland was then plain with Great Britain on January 1st, 1801, when the second Act of Union took effect, creating the the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, which became as from 1922, the the United Kingdom.

Free state of Ireland (1927-1936)

Twenty-six of the thirty-two counties of Ireland the United Kingdom in 1922, the six remainders left choosing to remain British, and formed a independent Dominion within the Empire. As a dominion, the free State of Ireland was a Constitutional monarchy, having at its head the British monarch. However, for 5 years more, the king George V was officially called “king of the United Kingdom”, and it is an act of the Parliament of 1927, which revived the title of “king d' Irlande”, separated of the British crown. As before 1801, the two crowns existed in a personal union.

At the same time as this change, the free State of Ireland acquired a greater autonomy inside the British Empire. For example, the British cabinet could not advise the king any more on questions concerning the free State of Ireland. The king took from now on council near Irish the Prime Ministers via his general governor, or, after 1937, of the president of Ireland. The free State of Ireland had also obtained a “Large Seal”, allowing him to sign treaties of right full sound, and either via Great Britain.

The last point - right of the British dominions to sign treaties in their own name without the imperial supervision of London - date of the First World War thanks to the insistence of Canada, then a dominion, to be represented with the discussions of the Treated of Versailles and to sign this treaty under its own name, while remaining in the context of the British Empire. Canada had already succeeded in reserving this right during the negotiation of a treaty with the the United States. Canadian insistence on its right to sign independently the treaty of Versailles ensured this right to all the other British dominions, including the dominions of the post-war period, like the free State of Ireland.

1936 - 1949

From 1936 to 1949, the role of king d' Irlande in the Irish State is lived largely reduced and became ambiguous. In 1936, an amendment with the constitution of the free State of Ireland eliminated all the official loads from the king except one: according to the Act of the Foreign relations going back to this same year, the king continued to represent the free State in the international businesses. This purely external role was maintained in the new constitution introduced in 1937.

The king of Ireland lost any function with the vote of the Act of the Irish Republic, which came into effect in April 1949. As its name indicates it, this Act declares that the free State is a République. The Act of the Crown of Ireland was finally repealed in the Irish Republic by the Act of Revision of the Laws of 1962.

Monarchy continues in Northern Ireland, which always forms part of the United Kingdom. Elisabeth II, queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland since 1952, account a certain number of pre-Norman Top-kings d' Irlande among its ancestors, by his mother, late the Queen Mother.

List lords, kings and queens of Ireland (non-autochtones)

1171-1541: Lords of Ireland

  • Prince Henri (I), Lord of Ireland (1171 – 1189) (king d' Angleterre as a Henri II as from 1154, and a duke of Normandy as from 1150)
  • Prince Richard (I), (1189 - 1199) (king d' Angleterre as a Richard Ier, known as “Lion-hearted”, duke of Normandy)
  • Prince Jean, (1199 - 1216) (in England, king Jean, known as Jean Without Ground; duke of Normandy)
  • Prince Henri (II), (1216 - 1272) (king d' Angleterre as a Henri III)
  • Prince Edouard (I), (1272 - 1307) (king d' Angleterre as a Edouard Ier)
  • Prince Edouard (II), (1307 - 1327) (king d' Angleterre as a Edouard II)
  • King Edouard, (1315 - 1318) (Edouard Bruce in opposition to Edouard II)
  • Prince Edouard (III), (1327 - 1377) (king d' Angleterre as a Edouard III)
  • Prince Richard (II), (1377 - 1399) (king d' Angleterre as a Richard II)
  • Prince Henri (III), (1399 - 1413) (king d' Angleterre as a Henri IV)
  • Prince Henri (IV), (1413 - 1422) (king d' Angleterre as a Henri V)
  • Prince Henri (V), (1422 - 1461 and 1470 - 1471) (king d' Angleterre as a Henri VI)
  • Prince Edouard (IV), (1461 - 1470 and 1471 - 1483) (king d' Angleterre as a Edouard IV)
  • Prince Edouard (V), (1483) (king d' Angleterre as a Edouard V)
  • Prince Richard (III), (1483 - 1485) (king d' Angleterre as a Richard III)
  • Prince Henri (VI), (1485 - 1509) (king d' Angleterre as a Henri VII)
  • Prince Henri (VII), (1509 – 1542) (king d' Angleterre as a Henri VIII)

1541-1801: kings and queens of Ireland

  • Henri VIII & I, king d' Irlande (1542 – 1547; previously Prince Henri (VII), Lord of Ireland, 1509 – 1542. (Although universally known under the name of Henri VIII, he was technically Henri Ier of Ireland, being the first of fore-mentioned English kings Henri with being a king d' Irlande. This same principle applies to its successors until in 1801.)
  • Edouard VI & Ier, (1547 - 1553) (Edouard VI of England, Ier of Ireland)
  • Jeanne Grey, (1553)
  • Marie Anger or Marie Tudor, (1553 - 1558)
  • Elizabeth Anger, (1558 - 1603)
  • Jacques VI & Ier, (1603 - 1625) (Jacques VI of Scotland, Ier of England and Ireland)
  • Charles Ier, (1625 - 1649)
  • Charles II, (1660 - 1685)
  • Jacques VII & II, (1685 - 1688)
  • Guillaume III, II & I, prince d' Orange (1689 - 1702) & Marie II, (1689 - 1694) (Guillaume III of England and the Netherlands, II of Scotland, I of Ireland; and Marie II of England, Scotland and Ireland).
  • Anne Ire, (1702 - 1714)
  • George Ier, (1714 - 1727)
  • George II, (1727 - 1760)
  • George III (1760 – 1801)

1801-1927: kings and queens of the United Kingdom

1927-1949: kings d' Irlande

The kings George I, II and III reigned as “kings d' Irlande”. After a constitutional change, the kings George III and IV reigned as “kings of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”. As the governments of Ireland and the United Kingdom were separate since 1922, and that the royal titles were it since 1927, one could have supposed that George V, called again “king d' Irlande”, would be numbered IV, being the fourth of this name to being a king d' Irlande. But it is not convention: the numbers of reign are always fully cumulative, and do not depend on the precise formulation of the real titles, if not George III would have suddenly become “George Ier of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland” during the constitutional change.

Edouard VIII was the first monarch to be reached the British throne with the designation of Northern Ireland attached to the title. His/her brother, George VI, was the first with being crowned thus, and the last with being crowned king d' Irlande.

The girl of George VI, Elisabeth II, queen of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland, counts among her ancestors of the pre-Norman kings of the Munster, in the south-west of Ireland. Its descent of Brian Boru and other Irish kings autochtones comes to him from his/her mother, late the Reine Mother.

See too

Random links:Jean II Casimir Vasa | America Sings | Camerota | Year-Nâsir Muhammad Ben Qala' one | Christian Ier de Brandebourg-Bayreuth | Kevin_James