Ketouvim is the Hebrew name Other Writings (or " Hagiographes"), i.e. the third section of the Tanakh (Hebraic Bible), after the Torah and the Nevi' im.
The word כתובים means " literally; écrits." In the liturgy, one names them sometimes kitveï kodesh (" writings saints" or " of sainteté").
In the Jewish textual tradition, the Livre of the Chronicles is counted as only one book. Ezra and Néhémie is also gathered in only one book called " Ezra." There is thus eleven books on the whole in this section, according to the following enumeration.
Regoupement of the Books of Ketouvim
Sifrei Eme" T (three poetic books)
" Form poétique" in the manuscripts
In the massoretic manuscripts , Job, Proverbs and the Psalms are presented in a format in two columns in order to support on the parallel stanzas of the verses, which makes of their poetic function . They are named Sifrei Eme" T (Books of " Vérité"), by acronym of their Hebrew titles: א יוב, מ שלי, ת הלים Emits אמ " ת).
Poetic Cantillation
These three books are only Tanakh to have their notes of Cantillation, intended to accentuate the parallel stanzas in the verses. These notes of cantillation are called Your `amei Eme" T .
The Five Rollers ( Hamesh Meguilot )
The five relatively short Books of the Canticle of the Canticles , of Ruth , of the Lamentations , the Ecclésiaste and of Esther are collectively known under the name of the Hamesh Meguilot (Five Rollers, not to confuse with the Five Books). These rollers are traditionally read with the length of the Jewish year in many communities. The list below presents them in the reading order to the synagog during the calendar, starting with the Song of Songs, with Pessa' H.
Other Books
In addition to the 3 poetic Books and the Five Meguilot, three books were included in the Jewish gun.Although they are not formally gathered in the Jewish tradition, they do not share of it less one number of obvious characteristics:
- Their subjects describe late events openly, namely the Captivité in Babylon and the restoration of Sion.
- the talmudic tradition allots to them with a whole a date of late drafting.
- Two of them, Daniel and Ezra, is the only books of the written Tanakh of good part in Araméen.
Order of the Books of Ketouvim
This list presents the books of the Ketouvim in their order of appearance in the traditional printed editions, and divides them into three sub-groups based on the distinction of the Sifrei Eme" T and of the Hamesh Meguilot (cf supra).Group I: Three Poetic Books (Sifrei Eme" T)
- 1. Tehillim ( Book of the Psalms ) תהלים
- 2. Mishlei ( Book of the Proverbs ) משלי
- 3. `Iyyov ( Book of Job ) איוב
- 4. Shir haShirim ( Canticle of the Canticles ) שירהשירים (read with Pessa' H)
- 5. Ruth ( Book of Ruth ) רות (read with Shavouot)
- 6. Eikha ( Book of the Lamentations ) איכה (read with Tisha BeAv, with many Kinnot)
- 7. Qohelet ( Ecclésiaste ) קהלת (read with Soukkot)
- 8. Esther ( Book of Esther ) אסתר (read with Pourim)
- 9. Daniel ( Book of Daniel ) דניאל
- 10. Ezra ( Book of Ezra and of Néhémie ) עזרא
- 11. Divrei haYamim ( Books of the Chronicles ) דבריהימים
Other fittings of the books
The order of the Books in the Ketouvim varies in the manuscripts and the printed editions. For example, so-and-so will place Chroniques in first position instead of the last. The list supra presents the order of the Books according to the majority of the current and recent editions of the Hebraic Bible. Historically, this order derives from manuscripts written by Jews of Ashkenaz (Germany medieval).The Jewish textual tradition forever finalized the order of the Books of the Ketouvim . The Talmud of Babylon ( Baba Batra 14b-15a) gives their order in the following sequence: Ruth , Psalms , Job , Proverbs , Ecclésiaste , Canticle of the Canticles , Lamentations , Daniel , Esther , Ezra , Chronic .
In the codes massoretic tibériens, including the Codex of Aleppo and the Codex of Leningrad, like in old manuscripts of Spain, the order of the Books is the following: Chronic , Psalms , Job , Proverbs , Ruth , Canticle of the Canticles , Ecclésiaste , Lamentations , Esther , Daniel , Ezra .
Targoum of Ketouvim
Targoum im " Western " exist for the Sifrei Eme" T , Five Rollers, and Chronicles, in light for all the Books of Ketouvim, with lexception of Daniel and Ezra, written mainly in Araméen, and thus not requiring Targoum. It exitse several targoumim complmémentaires for the Book of Esther.There is however no Targoum " Eastern " official for Ketouvim, like the Targoum Onkelos on the Torah and the Targoum Jonathan on the Nevi' im. Talmud of Babylon teaches besides explicitly that Jonathan Ben Ouziel was prevented by a divine intervention from supplementing its translation of the Bible.
See too
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