Keiretsu

See also: Hobby-horse (homonymy)

Hobby-horse , known as also dadaism , is a intellectual, literary movement and esthetics which, between 1916 and 1925, was characterized by a questioning, with the manner of the clean slate, of all conventions and constraints ideological, artistic and political.

In spite of the world war, the censure and the setting with the step of the revolutionary attempts as of the end of the hostilities, Dada knew a rapid international propagation.

This movement proposed the spirit of childhood and the play with suitabilities, the rejection of the reason and logic, extravagance, derision and humor. Its artists wanted to be disrespectful, extravagant, posting a total contempt towards the " vieilleries" past as those of the present which perduraient. They sought the greatest freedom of creativity, for which they used all materials and forms available. They particularly sought also this freedom in the language, which they liked lyric and heteroclite.

Creation of Hobby-horse

Hobby-horse was born on February 5th in Zurich (Swiss) by the grace from the poets Hugo Ball, Richard Huelsenbeck, Tristan Tzara and of the painters Jean Arp, Marcel Janco, Sophie Taeuber and a page of dictionary taken randomly. They invest a tavern of Spiegelstrasse, transform it into coffee literary and artistic and rename it " Cabaret Voltaire ". Hobby-horse is “neither a dogma, nor a school, but rather a constellation of individuals and facets free”, specified at the time Tristan Tzara. Heteroclite and spontaneous, Dada also was essential like a movement without true leader. All the dadaïstes were presidents.

The most current version as for the origin of the word is that of the ludic chance: a randomly opened dictionary and a paper-knife which falls on the word hobby-horse .
According to Giovanni Listed, it acted rather of an deliberate intention anchor the movement in a return to the values of childhood:

  • At the end of the 19th century, at the time of the polemic on the exact representation of the horse in art, Gauguin had declared: “ As for me, I moved back in my childhood until my hobby-horse ”.
  • Hugo Ball, the founder of the movement as declared, right before war, as it was “ to save the small wooden horse ”. It is what will encourage it to give this name to the movement

Development of Hobby-horse

A little before the end the Dada war settles in the German big cities Berlin, Hanover and Cologne. While the “ Manifestes ” arrive to Paris, in spite of the censure and the " stuffing of crâne" against all " germanisme".

Succeeding individual revolts and recluses against the Western civilization, crystallized by the test of the conflict of 1914-1918, the cultural dispute of Hobby-horse appears by provocative liveliness and derision, often during public demonstrations. Hannah Höch which drew owners of dressmaker for a review, used them in wild cutting to make political joinings of them.

In a general way and for the first time, the women are accepted as artists with whole share, playmates, accomplices and complementary to the men, “treated like colleagues” and either only like gifted amantes, “amatrices” or “objects of sublimation in art”.

Hobby-horse was spread in the influencing whole world of the artists like Ernst, André Breton, Rene Crevel, Robert Desnos, Paul Éluard, Philippe Soupault, Robert and Sonia Delaunay.

End of Hobby-horse

Since 1920, Dada is blown. As for its birth, the date of the " act of décès" movement varies. Between 1921 and 1922 for Louis Aragon in his “ Project of contemporary literary history ”. In November 1921, for the Belgian review " That Will go! " , in a number directed by Clement Pansaers and Francis Picabia. Since 1920, André Breton finds that “ Dada turns in round ”. The lawsuit against Maurice Bars mark true decomposition of the dadaïstes. The project of the judgment, even parodic, of the academician Maurice Barrès, was not without displeasing in Tzara, Picabia, Ribemont-Dessaignes, Satie, Pansaers, which was opposed to the idea of a court, and more particularly of a revolutionary tribunal. Tzara intervenes only like witness, leaving in Breton the care to direct the lawsuit. The lawsuit turns quickly to the disaster. Tzara exclaims: " I do not have any confidence in justice, even if this justice is made by Dada. You will agree with me, Mr. President Président, who we all are only one band of bastards and whom consequently small differences, larger bastards or smaller bastards, have no importance." Then, answering the question, aggressive he gets along, of Breton: " Does the witness make a point of passing for a perfect imbecile or seeks it to be made intern? " , Tzara launches " Yes, I make a point of making me pass for a perfect imbecile and I do not seek to escape from the asylum in which I pass my vie." The founder of the movement leaves the room violently, followed at once by Picabia and his friends, at the moment when Aragon began its plea, more against the court that against Barrès, which was condemned besides to twenty years of forced labors. This day of May 13rd, 1921 can be regarded as the last Parisian demonstration hobby-horse. And the Dada living room organized by Tzara in June also marks the detachment of Breton and Marcel Duchamp, this last having refused any sending for this exposure.

Around Hobby-horse

Hobby-horse and humor

After the First World War, the young people need to express their jubilation to be in life, the end of the war and found peace. The life overcame death, peace overcame the war, childhood and unconcern are of return and will be able to be expressed. In 1963, Tristan Tzara said: “ Dada was not only the absurdity, not only one joke, hobby-horse was the expression of a very strong pain of the teenagers, born during the war of 1914. What we want was to make clean slate of the values in progress, but, with the profit, precisely of the highest human values. ”

Hobby-horse and erotism

In 1920, Tristan Tzara names most anticonformist possible “presidents hobby-horse”, and with the unslung originality. The “young girls hobby-horse”, the “Dada' S girls” dance in solo with or without mask, like Sophie Taeuber. They make turn the heads and cause enthusiasm, but also the hootings. Emmy Hennings, partner of Hugo Ball, founded with him, the Cabaret Voltaire with Zurich, of which it became the heart by animating her evenings, by the dance, the song and poetry.

American the Clara Tice, painter caricaturist and poet, horrifies the prude american company with her drawings at nude women accompanied by animals, illustrating in an erotic way the Fables of the Fountain. Its works will be confiscated by the police force. Another American, Beatrice Wood carries out also works with strong erotic connotation.

Valeska Gert creates its “surrealist dances”. Well far from traditional the Lake of the swans, they open the way with the release of the body of the women and the Nudisme. Renee Dunan, high with the convent, but large admiror of the marquis de Sade, releases, proclaims “dadaïste first hour”, and défraie the chronicle, under various pseudonyms, of which “Marcelle the Pump” and “Mr. de Steinthal”, in homage to Stendhal and to the adventurous writer Casanova de Seingalt.

Principal hearths Hobby-horses

Artists claiming Hobby-horse (one moment or another)

Artists influenced by Hobby-horse

Other personalities and other movements were deeply marked by the movement hobby-horse, of which: Pierre Bernotte, Louise Arensberg, Walter Conrad Arensberg, Arman, Ben, Daniel Buren, Maurizio Cattelan, César, Christo, Robert Delaunay and Sonia Delaunay, Katherine Dreier, Renee Dunan, Robert Filliou, the movement Fluxus, Eva Grosz, Emmy Hennings, Thomas Hirschhorn, Jasper Johns, Lavier, Malaval, Annette Messenger, the movement Néo-dadaïste, the New movement realistic, it movement Pop art, Rauschenberg, Niki de Saint Phalle, Helma Schwitters, Jean Tinguely, Manuella Kohou.

Quotations Hobby-horses

  • Jean Arp: You also, beautiful man, pretty woman, you are hobby-horse, only you do not know it. Tomorrow hobby-horse will have a face different from today and for this reason will be hobby-horse. Hobby-horse, it is the life.
  • Hobby-horse is a cry, it is the vacuum set up in art of living.

  • Hugo Ball: What we call hobby-horse is a buffoonery resulting from nothing.

  • Hannah Höch developed, with his/her companion Raoul Hausmann, the photomontage while wanting to suggest, with elements borrowed from the world of the machines, an oneiric, new world and sometimes terrifying. born from the desire from to make a beautiful thing and a joy for always, of elements which one awaited neither beauty any more nor joy.
  • Francis Picabia: Nothing for tomorrow, nothing for yesterday, very for today.
  • Tristan Tzara :
    • Hobby-horse does not mean anything.
    • Hobby-horse is a virgin microbe.
    • In 1922, at the time of a conference in Weimar and Iéna, it says: Hobby-horse puts an artificial softness on the things, a snow of butterflies left cranium of a conjurer.
  • Later, it will say:
    • Hobby-horse is the dance of the impotences of creation.
    • The beginnings of hobby-horse were not the beginnings of an art but those of a dislike.
    • In 1963, it says: Hobby-horse was not only the absurdity, not only one joke, hobby-horse was the expression of a very strong pain of the teenagers, born during the war of 1914. What we want was to make clean slate of the values in progress, but, with the profit, precisely of the highest human values.

Works Hobby-horses

Writers, painters, plastics technicians, scenario writers, photographers and even some musicians, Dada crossed all the artistic expressions of its time.

; Jean (or Hans) Arp

  • Symmetry pathetic embroidery according to a drawing of Jean Arp.
  • Flower-hammer

; Marcel Duchamp

  • Wheel of bicycle (1915), the first work of the Objet trouv3e, it acts of a wheel of bicycle fixed on a stool.
  • Fontaine (1917), the urinal which opened the way of the theory of the Ready-made, relating to objects of the daily newspaper which is not basically of art, but become it if it is decided.
  • L.H.O.O.Q ( it hot with the bottom ) (1919, désacralisant the Mona Lisa, with moustache, goatee…
  • You me (1920).
  • Rotary plates glass (1920), pre-psychédélique art.
  • Marcel Duchamp ace Beautiful Breath (1921), photography in collaboration with Man Ray.
  • Discs with spirals (1923), pre-psychédélique art.
  • the Bride exposed by her single people, even D (1923).
  • Bottle of perfume Beautiful Breath with Rrose Sélavy ( Eros it is the life ) on the label.
  • the water Fall
  • the coal Gas

; Suzanne Duchamp

  • Arietta. Of lapse of memory of the thoughtless vault (1920).
  • unhappy Objet trouv3e of Marcel (1919), treated geometry to be suspended with its balcony.
; max Ernst
  • the graminaceous bicycle furnished with grelots, curving Grisons grivelés and Echinodermata the spine to search caresses (1920 - 1921).

; George Grosz

  • Remember Uncle August, the Unhappy Inventor (1919).

; Raoul Hausmann

  • the Spirit of our time , ( Der Geist unserer Zeit ), mechanical head (1919).

; Hannah Höch

  • Even of middle-class grooms (1927), oil on fabric representing a mannequin out of wooden equipped with white veil at the sides of a groom in frac.
  • Da-Dandy , joining.

; Francis Picabia

  • Young girl (1920), an ink on paper.
  • Volucelle II (1922).
  • Adjuster of dog (1923) which announces the Dresseur of animals (1937).

; Man Ray

  • Lautgedicht (1924).

; Kurt Schwitters

  • Merz Picture 46 has (The Skittle Picture) (1921), a framework and small fixed objects.

; Sophie Taeuber-Arp

  • Guards (1918), an articulated sculpture evoking the universe of the puppets.
  • abstract Triptych (1918), an oil on fabric with application of gold sheets.
  • Mask of Janco (1918), mask.
  • Head hobby-horse (1918).
  • abstract Composition (1919), a joining

; Beatrice Wood

  • a Little water in soap (1917), joining mild nutter with a drawing of nude woman whose sex is hidden under a true soap.

; Tzara, Janco, Huelsenbeck

  • the admiral seeks a house to rent (1916), simultaneous French poem, English and German characteristic and very faithful to Dada philosophy.

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