Karl Polanyi
Karl Polanyi (1886 - 1964) is a economist of Hungarian origin , Socialiste but not Marxiste.
Biography
Karl Polanyi is the brother of the chemist and philosopher Michael Polanyi. It is born with Vienna in 1886 but is high with Budapest within the middle-class Austro-Hungarian.Whereas it is student with the Université of Budapest, it founds the Club Galilei, a circle of radicals " éclairés" and attends Georg Lukacs, Oscar Jászi and Karl Mannheim. It is graduate in Philosophie in 1908 and right in 1912. In 1914, it takes part in the creation of the left radical Hungarian and becomes its secretary about it.
Polanyi serves as an officer in the Cavalerie Austro-Hungarian during the First World War, but is demobilized for incapacity after being arrived on the Russian Front. After the war, it goes back to Budapest and takes again political activism. Polanyi supports the republican government of Mihály Károlyi and its social democrat mode. The République is of short duration and when, Béla Kun shift the Károlyi government and creates the République of the Councils, Polanyi is forced to emigrate with Vienna in 1919.
Of 1924 with 1933, it works as an economic and political journalist amongst other things for the prestigious Oesterreichische Volkswirt . It is at this period that he becomes economist. He organizes a seminar of reflection on the socialist economy, which leads it to polemize with the economist Ludwig von Mises, one of the leaders of the Austrian École. For this last, the socialist, centralized and planned economy, is not viable because while making disappear the mechanism from the prices, which gives information on the scarcity, it makes impossible economic calculation. Polanyi proposes a form of decentralized economy being pressed on producers' cooperative associations and consumers, where the criteria of economic efficiency are moderated by social choices freely determined by associations.
In 1933 following the come to power of Hitler in Germany and its influence in Austria, Polanyi leaves Vienna for London. It works there as teacher for adult.
In 1940 at the time of a voyage to the the United States, it accepted the offer of the Bennington College in the Vermont where it will teach the political economy and will begin the drafting from its principal work.
The great transformation (1944): its work headlight
It was distinguished, in particular with its work The Great Transformation - the Great Transformation , by a study socio-history of the economy of the powers in balance to the day before and during the Second world war. " Large the transformation" is a complete study of the history of the Capitalisme, 18th century until the Second world war.
This work describes the economic wheels of the industrial society, since the premises of the Anglo-Saxon Industrial revolutions, in reaction to the current of the traditional school, whose Adam Smith proves to be the principal theorist. Polanyi renews the economic approach by a reflection which will be described as substantivist, where it preaches the embedding of the economy in the company.
According to Karl Polanyi, it is désencastrement of the economy which allowed the emergence of Fascism and the Nazism. Indeed, according to him, the industrial revolution was not caused by Innovation S techniques (steam engine) but rather social: the autorégulé market was gradually introduced into the elements of the company which were protected up to now: nature. I.e. the ground, work, which forms integral part of the man; and the currency, which is before a a whole social construction.
These three elements constitute Marchandise S fictitious: they are not goods insofar as goods are defined as something which is produced for being sold on a Marché, which is not the case of these three elements. However, this Deregulation is for Karl Polanyi utopian (“utopian Company by which the economic liberalism wanted to create a system of autolevelling market”), social costs being too important: the company reacts in fact by protecting its members, which enters in contradiction with the autorégulé market. The result of this contradiction are the rise of social protections and inter-official (protectionism), the crisis of the Thirties, with the collapse of the monetary systems, which leaves room to the Nazism and Fascism.
This work been worth to him to be named at the university of Columbia, which it left in 1953 for Toronto or it continued its work until its death in 1964.
Influence work
Karl Polanyi is badly known in the countries Francophone S, whereas he is largely discussed in Italy, with the Japan and of course in the United States. When well even the world of marketing, finances and the trade go on its research, so current… It was often described as unclassable (what inevitably involves an ignorance because of the categorization of our teaching). It is located indeed between Keynes and Marx, taking as a starting point anarchistic and Christian writings. Its work is multi-field, with the image of that of Marx: Philosophy, political sciences, history, anthropology and economy are cotoient there and are supplemented there.
- the institute which bears its name, founded in 1987 in Montreal tends to encourage this nonacademic approach of the world and its mechanisms.
Principal works
- Trade and Market in the Early Empires (1957), Economies in History and Theory.
- the Great Transformation , ( The Great Transformation ) appeared in 1944, is translated only forty years later into French.
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