Kansai-Ben

The Kansai-Ben is a Dialecte used by the inhabitants of the area of the Kansai (関西地方, Kansai-chihō ), called officially area of Kinki (近畿地方, Kinki-chihō ).

Principle

Mainly of a spoken nature, this dialect is characterized by several notable modifications of Japanese known as academic (標準語 hyōjungo). He is spoken in the area about Kansai, namely Ōsaka, Kōbe and Kyōto.

Characteristics

Contracted words

The words of Japanese are shortened, for example:

• yoku (よく) meaning “well, good” becomes yō (よう);

• chigau (違う) meaning “to be different” becomes chau (ちゃう);
• omoshiroi (面白い) meaning “interesting, funny” becomes omoroi (おもろい);
• soreja (それじゃ) meaning “with soon” becomes honja (ほんじゃ) or hona (ほな).

Sounds in S replaced by H

• ikimasen (行きません) meaning “does not go, one should not” becomes ikimahen (行きまへん);

• suffixes of the names, such as for example Yamada-san (山田さん) becoming Yamada-han (山田はん).

Copulate of end of sentence

• the final copula da (だ) becoming ya (や).

Long vowels shortened at the end of the sentence

• sō da (そうだ) meaning “it is that, it is thus” becomes soya (そや);

• ikō (行こう) meaning “allons-y” becomes iko (行こ).

Vowels lengthened at the end of the words

Contrary to the preceding point, one finds words finishing by lengthened vowels.

• you (手) meaning “hand” becomes tee (手え);

• ki (木) meaning “tree” becomes kii (木い).

Double consonances replaced by a vowel double or softened

• tsukatte (使って) meaning “to use” becomes tsukōte (つこうて)

• katta (買った) meaning “to have bought” becomes kōta (こーた)
• shimatta (しまった) meaning “zut! , flute! ” becomes shimota (しもた)
• janai (じゃない) roughly meaning “not to be” becomes yanai (やない)

Its I final of the words of quality retracted and lengthened preceding vowel (very oral)

• atsui (暑い) meaning “hot” becomes atsū (あつ 〜)

• omoroi (おもろい) meaning “interesting, amusing” (already substitute of omoshiroi (面白い) in Japanese) becomes omorō (おもろ 〜)

Grammar

Several modifications of grammar, reflections of the points previously evoked, are found in the construction of the verbal forms.

Negation

The negation comprises an additional level of complexity, indeed it can be obtained by using the form a-Mizenkei (normal) or e-Mizenkei forms it (particular). One can involve a confusion with the form e-Mizenkei because it can be heard like simple or potential negation negative.

The sound nai (ない) marking the negation is transformed into hen (へん), one can also find the negation marked by hin (ひん).

Form a-Mizenkei (未然形)

• yomanai (読まない) meaning “does not read” is transformed into yomahen (読まへん);

• the negation of the verb aru (ある) meaning “to be, exist”, written nai (ない) in Japanese becomes arahen (あらへん).

Form e-Mizenkei

• kaenai (買えない) is transformed into kaehen (買えへん), it means “does not buy” or “cannot buy”;

• yomenai (読めない) is transformed into yomehen (読めへん), it means “does not read” or “cannot read”;
• tabenai (食べない) is transformed into tabehen (食べへん), it means “does not eat”;
• akiramenai (諦めない) meaning “not to give up” is transformed into akiramehen (諦めへん).

Form i-Mizenkei

• undermined (見ない) is transformed into miihen (みーへん) or miihin (みーひん), it means “does not see” or “does not look at”;
• inai (居ない) is transformed into iihin (いーひん), it means “being absent” or “does not exist”.

Negation of Kuru (来る) and Suru (する)

The negation of Kuru meaning “to come” is very varied according to the areas.

• the town of Kyoto: kiihin (きーひん), kiyahen (きやへん);
• South of the town of Ōsaka: keehen (けーへん), kiyahen (きやへん);
• out of the town of Ōsaka: kōhen (こーへん);
• West of Kobe: Kōhen (こうへん), kon (こん), kiyahen (きやへん);
• the Center of Shiga: Kiyashin (きやしん), kiihin (きーひん), kōhen (こーへん);
• Is of Harima (Akashi and Takasago): kōhen (こーへん), kon (こん);
• south of the prefecture of Kyoto: Kiihin (きーひん), Keehen (けーへん);
• West of Harima: kon (こん), kōhen (こーへん);
• Owari: kon (こん), kōsen (こーせん), koesen (こぇせん), kōhen (こーへん);
• Is of Kobe: Koehen (こえへん), kōhen （こーへん）;
• Takatsuki: Kiihin (きーひん), Kōhen (こーへん), Keehen (けーへん).

The negation of Suru meaning “to make” is also varied:

• seehen (せーへん), shiihin (しーひん), shiyahen (しやへん), seyahen (せやへん), shin (しん), SEN (せん)

Negation of the words of quality

• atsukunai (熱くない) meaning “not to be hot” is transformed into atsunai (あつない)

Accomplished form (past)

The final form of the verbs to the accomplished form - your (た) or with the accomplished form - tanda (たんだ) made up of the marker of time ( your + N + da ) (た + んだ) with implicative value into - ten is transformed (てん).

• mita (見た) meaning considering is transformed into miten (見てん)

• shita (した) meaning made is transformed into shiten (してん)

Progressive form

The progressive form - ている can be made several different manners as a kansai-Ben:

Inflection of iru (いる) in oru (おる)

The suffix - teiru (- ている) becomes - teoru (- ておる), more generally contracted in - toru (- とる). It will be noted that oru (おる) is a verb of respect (courtesy) in Japanese, his use in this form out of the area of Kansai thus has all the chances to prove to be incorrect.

Example: nani wo shiteiru (何をしている) meaning “that do you make? ” becomes (nani wo shitoru) (何をしとる).

Inflection of teiru (ている) in tennen (てんねん)

Example: nani wo shiteiru (何をしている) meaning “that do you make? ” becomes nani wo shitennen (何をしてんねん).

Particular case with Kyôto

One can find in Kyōto another form where one replaces teiru (ている) by your (とん).

Example: nani wo shiteiru (何をしている) meaning “that do you make? ” becomes (nani wo shiton) (何をしとん).

particular case with Hyôgo (兵庫)

One can find in the prefecture of Hyôgo (兵庫県) another form where one replaces teiru (ている) by tō (とう) or yō (よう）.

Example: nani wo shiteiru (何をしている) meaning “that do you make? ” becomes nani shitō (何しとう) or nani shiyō (何しよう) or nani shō (何しょう).

Example: nani wo shiteiru (何をしている) meaning “that do you make? ” becomes nani yattō (何やっとう) or nani yariyō (何やりよう) or nani yanjō (何やんじょう).

Expression of the gift

To give

• the suffix - you agete (てあげて) expressing the fact of offering an action, contracts in - tatte (たって);

Example: hon wo yondeagete (本を読んであげて) meaning “(to make the action of) to read a book” becomes hon O yondatte (本を読んだって).

• the suffix - you yari (てやり) contracting in - dried up (たり, more for one request) or - tare (たれ, more for one order);

Example: okaasan nor sound system tegami wo kashiteyari Na (お母さんにその手紙を貸してやりな) meaning “Gives this letter to your mother, of agreement? ” okaasan nor sound system tegami O kashitarina becomes (お母さんにその手紙を貸したりな).

• the suffix - you yaru (てやる) contracting in - taru (たる) or - taro (たろ).

Example: boku wa shukudai wo itteyaru wa (僕は宿題を言ってやるわ) meaning “I will say to him what is the duty” becomes boku wa shukudai wo yūtaru wa (僕は宿題をゆうたるわ).

In this example the verbal word iu (言う) is replaced by yū (ゆう), it is in this form even with the writing in the kansai-Ben.

It should be noted that if yaru in Japanese is rather used to be addressed to a person of a row much lower than oneself or to an animal, it gets busy here in a levelling way. Its use is thus to prudently consider out of Kansai not to offend its interlocutor.

To receive

The suffix - morau (もらう) is replaced by - morota (もろた).

Example: hon wo kattemoratta (本を買ってもらった) meaning “one bought a book to me” becomes hon wo kōtemorota (本を買うてもろた).

Requirement

The imperative form is like always using with prudence and parsimony.

Example: ore No hanashi wo kike (俺の話を聞け) meaning “Listening what I have to say! ” becomes ore No hanashi wo kikii (俺の話を聞きぃ).

Vocabulary particular to the Kansai-Ben

• akantare (あかんたれ): what misses character.
• ate (あて): the cocktail snack
• amechan (あめちゃん): the candy
• irachi (苛らち): what is coléreux
• oshipin (押しピン): the bug
• chari (チャリ): the bicycle
• kashiwa (かしわ): the chicken
• niku (肉): beef
• yaito (やいと): the moxa
• sabuibo (さぶいぼ): (A) goose flesh
• inu (いぬ): to leave, return
• ichibiru (いちびる): to enorgueillir
• ezuku (えずく): to vomit
• naosu (なおす): to give to its place
• hokasu (ほかす): to give up
• iteru (凍てる): to freeze
• bochibochi (ぼちぼち): gradually
• makudo (マクド): Abbreviation of McDonald' S. In Tokyo, makku （マック）
• mebachiko (めばちこ): the miter
• shindoi (しんどい): to be tired
• donkusai (どんくさい): to be oaf
• ikezu (いけず): malicious

Typical expressions

• (maido) ōkini (毎度おおきに) meaning “thank you (for each time you come)” (instead of arigatō (ありがとう)) is undoubtedly the typical expression which one hears more when the area is visited.

Typical in Osaka and very widespread in the elderly: is

• mōkarimakka (儲かりまっか) meaning “How that? ” (literally: “Do you Make benefit? ”).
• bochi bochi dennaa (ぼちぼちでんなぁ) meaning “that goes. ” (literally: “Like-Ci like that. ”). does
• nanbo (なんぼ) meaning “how much that cost? ” (instead of (いくら) will ikura).
• akan (あかん) meaning “impossible, that does not go” (instead of matured (無理)). Typically the standard matured da (無理だ) becomes akan yan (あかんやんー). akantare (あかんたれ) meaning what misses character.
• kettai (ケッタイ) meaning “strange, odd” (instead of hen (ヘン)).

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