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The concept of biosphere indicates at the same time a space and a self-sustained process (so far and since more than 3 billion years) on the planet Ground, and which one knows only on this planet; The process is that of maintenance and complexification of the Life, and the place is the part of the terrestrial system in which the life developed and/or compartments created and/or maintained by the life (i.e. the Lithosphère, the Hydrosphère and part of the atmosphere, to produce by the alive one. One adds to it sometimes the cryosphère).

The biosphere results essentially from the old and joint action from a very large variety of organizations and alive species living in more or less large interdependence, and which constitute the diversity of the ecosystem S.

For the physicist, the biosphere is a vast thermodynamic system opened with the external influences, which draws most of its energy from the sun via the Photosynthèse and a few 500 billion billion kilogram calories, that is to say 10.000 times more than could not use all human industries of them.

History of the concept

The word “Biosphere” would have been created by the geologist Eduard Suess in 1875. It integrates thus into sciences of the Earth and in particular into geology the elements of the revolution darwinienne.
Les aspects biogeologic and ecological of the concept of Biosphère dates them, of the years 1920 where Vernadsky developed them, before in of 1935 Arthur George Tansley does not develop the concept of ecosystem.

The concept holistic and interdisciplinary of Biosphere little by little associated the Astronomie, the Géophysique, the Météorologie, the Biogéographie, the evolutionary Biologie, the Géologie, the Géochimie, the ecology and generally all sciences of the ground and the alive one.

The geochemists also give at the end biosphere the direction of total sum of the living organisms (in other words, which is usually named biomass or Biote by the biologists and the ecologists).

According to this definition, the biosphere is one of the four components of the geochemical model (with the Lithosphère, the Hydrosphère and the atmosphere).

Some estimate that the semantic and conceptual blur surrounding the term of biosphere is found in the current debates relating to the Biodiversité, the Sustainable development… According to them, the use of the term biosphere resulting from the vocabulary from the geochemists would be consequences of the very specialized organization of current science. Some prefer from now on the term of écosphère, which dates from years 60-70, time with which the ecological concept of Crise appeared being able to threaten until the whole biosphere.

James Lovelock also proposed the name of “symbiosphère” to underline the interdependence between the species and the whole which they constitute.

Vernadsky has defines the ecology as being the science of the biosphere in 1926.

For holding of the geophysiology

. .la Biosphère is the total, self-sustained ecological system ( “autocatalytic” ), which integrates all the living beings and the relations that they weave between them and with the compartments which are the Lithosphère (rocks), the Hydrosphère (the water), and the atmosphere (air), in a Métabolisme which unceasingly transforms the surface of the Ground by recycling or storing the elements and by creating Complexité and Néguentropie where without the life, it would have only Entropie there.

The concept of “biosphere” - in a religious context - interested Teilhard of Chardin, which also used that of Noosphère (as being consisted the human phenomenon, above the biosphere).

The experiments Biosphere I and II

Twice, one tried, in vain, to make live in autarky a human small group in a sphere glazed without communication with outside. The team was to produce her own food and to recycle her waste without another supplement that the energy of the sun. Biosphère I quickly showed its limits. The experiment was renewed with Biosphère II in a larger sphere and with more complex ecosystems, without success because in particular of problems of management of oxygen and CO2.

See too

External bonds

  • the pollution of the biosphere treated within the framework of a TPE

Map-bms: Biosfer Simple: Biosphere

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