Judicat d\' Arborée

The judicat of Raised (in Italian, Giudicato d' Arborea or Arborea ) is one of the four Judicats which was born in Sardinia at the 8th century to replace a Roman Empire become too remote (that of Byzance) and to protect themselves in particular from the Arab raids.

Raised developed in the center-Western part of the island, rich in arable and pastoral lands (the others judicats are those of Torres or Logudoro, of Gallura, Cagliari or Pluminos).

Judicat d' Arborée, as remainder the others three Judicats was a sovereign kingdom according to the legal principle Superiorem not recognoscens , with a territory subdivided in Curatorie , districts directed by a curator and including/understanding inhabited centers called Ville (different from the homonymous French word, of Latin villa ). Judicat had its own Parliament, the Corona de Logu , composed of the representatives of Curatorie. It had its own public domain, the Rennu , voted the laws, had borders and struck currency.

Its chief was Judex ius dicens (that which says the law), in Sarde, Judike or Ludike. The Judge drew his authority not only from heredity but also by the recognition from sound Imperium by Corona de Logu.

Birth of Judicat

The attacks buckwheat be continued after the creation of Judicats but the resistance of the Sardinians was better marked, also constant by the Carolingien S. In 851, the pope Leon IV required of the judge of Raised and of the other judges, a military aid for Rome: this date marks the unquestionable existence of their institution.

After the reigns of Gonario Comita and Torgotorio Barisone Ier which reigned at the same time on the Logudoro and Raised, Mariano de Zori, wire of Barison Ier, reigned on only Arborée. His/her son Orzocco Ier moves the capital of the site Greek Phénicien and of Tharros, from now on in ruins, with Oristano. He was the father of Torbeno, whose son Orzocco II was the last of the line.

Pisanes influences and génoises

Almost nothing appears in the historical documents on the judges of Arborée until the appearance of Comita II which to contrast the domination pisane had a policy philosophy génoise. It is his/her brother Constantin Ier who succeeded to him. Comita III, one of its successors, sought to unify Sardinia, while attacking on several occasions the judicat of Torres. His/her son Barisone Ier continued this policy and in 1164, occupied temporarily the judicat of Cagliari remained without successor. The same year, it obtains, with the financial aid of Genoa, the title of king de Sardaigne of Frederic Barberousse. Shortly after its crowning, it was attacked by the judicats of Torres and Cagliari. Until 1171, its policy was conditioned by the refunding of the loan génois to obtain its nomination. In 1180, it organizes another attack against the judicat of Cagliari but is overcome. He dies in 1185. He had married in second weddings, Agalbursa de Bas, niece of the king d' Aragon, which had settled in Sardinia with his/her Hugues brother and of the noble Catalans.

His/her son, Pierre Ier, born from the first marriage, had to face the claims of his cousin Hughes Ponce of Bottom, wire of Hughes, which had married the girl of Barisone Ist In 1192, an agreement allows them to reign together. In 1195, the judge of Cagliari, Guillaume de Massa, invades Raised, by capturing Pierre I while Hughes Ponce flees. Later, this last married one of the girls of Guillaume de Massa, Précieuse, heiress of half of the judicat of Raised. By this marriage it became in its turn judges Raised, jointly with his father-in-law.

From this marriage was born Pierre II who should have inherited the judicat Raised: but the things became complicated with dead of his/her Guillaume grandfather. It was obliged to marry Diane, girl of Ubaldo Visconti which kept captive his/her aunt Bénédicte de Cagliari and who from now on controlled almost all Sardinia. In 1228, Pierre II was obliged to divide the judicat in condominium with Mariano de Torres, the husband of its aunt Agnès of Massed and with Guiilaume II of Massed, wire of Benedicte and Barison.

Pierre II ends up releasing himself from this condominium and extended his influence to all the judicat of Raised. He dies in 1241 by leaving his son Mariano II under the supervision of Guillaume de Capraia who ends up becoming judge de facto and which obliged it to divide Raised with his/her own Nicolò son. With its death, Mariano II got rid of Nicolò while remaining combined in Pisa. It left Raised in heritage with his minor son Jean Cappai Bottom which died in 1304 after having accentuated the dependence of Arborée with respect to Pisa. His/her children being in his turn minors, Andreotto and Mariano Wrapped of Bottom, it is still Tosorato of Uberti which ensured regency. It is Mariano III become major which understood that its subjects did not support any more the domination pisane and approached Jacques II of Aragon. This last had been invested in 1297 by Boniface VIII of the title of king de Sardaigne and Corsica. With Ugone II Wrapped of Bottom, the son of Mariano III, the policy of the judicat changed radically. It consolidated alliance with Aragon against Pisans. In 1323, it took part in the operations of infant Alfonso which unloaded in Palmas di Sulcis while contributing to the catch of the judicat of Cagliari and the defeat of Pisa. It was however obliged to become vassal of king d' Aragon.

Conflict with Aragon and end of Judicat

The relationship between the judge of Raised and the king of Aragon became increasingly delicate, in particular under the reign of Mariano IV, causing a war of the national type. The troops of Mariano occupy almost all southernmost Sardinia and besiege Cagliari. Pierre IV of Aragon decides to unload in Sardinia with a forwarding and conquers Alguer which it populates of Catalans. in 1354, Pierre IV and Mariano IV Wrapped Bottom suspend military operations. Alguer remains with the hands of the Aragoneses and Mariano IV obtains, for 50 years, a stronghold on the Gallura. In February 1355, the king convenes with Cagliari the first Parlement of the kingdom in order to mark the pacification of the island. With this meeting the representatives of the three states were convened (as in Catalonia), the ecclesiastics, the noble ones and the feudal ones (soldiers) and the representatives of the cities and cities (royal state) but also a fourth body, said Sardinians, representing the pacified communities. In July, Pierre IV and Mariano sign the peace of Sanluri and in August the king leaves Sardinia. But of 1364 with 1366, the troops of the judicat take again the way of the war, which causes a new forwarding in 1368, ordered by Pierre Lopez de Luna who fails to conquer Oristano. In 1369, the troops of the judicat conquer Sassari. But Brancaleone Doria (Génois) stops the projection of the troops of the judicat with Monteleone in 1370. He marries Eléonore d' Arborée and is combined with his father Mariano IV. Genoa sends a fleet in 1374 to block Cagliari side sea. Only Cagliari and some other place-strong Aragonese resists. But the Peste causes the death of Mariano IV in 1376. His/her son Ugone III Wrapped of Bottom takes again the hostilities. He is assassinated in 1383. The Couronne of Logu (the Sardinian Parliament) thus gives the title of king to Frederic Doria Cappai, the son of Brancaleone and Eléonore, under the supervision of his/her mother until her majority. Brancaleone was sent to Barcelona to negotiate but was imprisoned with Cagliari. Jean Ier d' Aragon, which succeeds Pierre IV, ends up signing the second peace with Sanluri (1388), definitely less advantageous for the judicat which returned at its borders of 1355. Brancaleone was released only in 1390. In 1391, the judicat takes again the hostilities, and takes again Osilo, Sassari and the Gallura. In 1392 is promulgated the Carta of logu (Charter of Logu), a charter and a civil code of first importance, legal document which will dominate the life of the Sardinian citizens until the code of Charles-Felix of Savoy in 1827. The presence of the Aragoneses is then limited to three cities, those of Cagliari, Alguer and Longonsardo and with the castles of Quirra and Acquafredda. Martin, duke of Montblanc, succeed Jean Ier in 1396. Does Eléonore die in its turn of the plague (1402 or 1403?), her Brancaleone husband conquered the castle of Quirra in 1406. The nephew of Beatrice (the sister of Eléonore), Guillaume III of Narbonne, becomes judge of Raised (but, having to start from Narbonne, did not join Not raised before 1409, which causes an interim and causes the anger of Brancaleone) while Martin the Young person prepares the conquest and unloads in Cagliari in October 1408. Guillaume III is crowned judge in January 1409 and the two armies clash with Sanluri on June 30th 1409. The Aragoneses have the top but Martin dies of paludism while Guillaume takes refuge in France to seek of the assistance. The capitulation of the judicat was signed the March 29th 1410 between Pierre Torrelles (Aragon) and Leonardo Cubello (already judge by interim before the crowning of Guillaume III). This Léonard took the stronghold of Oristano, with the title of marquis. This capitulation marks the end of the judicat of Raised, the last independent Sardinian State, almost hundred years after the Regnum Sardinae had been given to the Aragoneses by the pope.

References

A. Boscolo, Sardegna dei Giudicati , Cagliari, della Torre, 1979.
G. Sanatorium, Invasioni degli Arabi E origin del Giudicato in Sardegna , Cagliari, Dessì, 1900.
A. Arribas Palau, the conquista of Cerdeña por Jaime II of Aragon , Barcelona, 1952.
E.C. Dufourcq, the expansiò catalana in Western Mediterrània , Segles XIII E XIV, Barcelona, 1969.

See too

the marquisat of Orani, with the genealogies of Raised

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