Juan Luís Sharp

Juan Shine Sharp , born with Valence (Spain) on March 6th 1492, died with Bruges, on May 6th, 1540, was a Théologie N, a philosopher and a pedagog. Jew converted with Catholicism, it delivered new reflections on the organization of the company and was one of the large representatives of the Scandinavian Humanisme, carried by a Morale of the concrete action to the Politique.

Biography

Sharp left very young person Spain (1509), as well by fear of the continuations of the Inquisition as by desire to be registered with the Sorbonne, then the most famous university of Europe. He studied under the direction of Gaspard Lax de Sarenina with the Collège of Montaigu but, like Érasme (its contemporary), he was disappointed by the low level of the courses and the Bizutage S with repetition. So that in 1512 it is established with Bruges, in spite of some attempts at return to Paris in 1514,1519, and 1536. The French capital attracted it, but the encumbered streets and the brutal familiarity of the inhabitants made him prefer the Flanders S.

In 1517, it entered to the service of Guillaume de Croÿ.
In 1519, it was seen entrusting a pulpit of full professor to the University of Louvain to the Collège of the Castle ( collegium castrense ). The visit of Érasme in Leuwen (1517-1521) was for Vivès an major event: subjugated by the charisma of the Master, he sought as of this moment to imitate it in all. Érasme, as for him, appreciated the Sharp scholarship, and committed it to prepare an edition with accompanying notes of the City of God of Saint Augustin. The manuscript was entrusted to the printer bâlois Johann Froben in 1522, although Érasme was disappointed result (it found Vivès too prolix and unnecessarily polemic).
In 1521, the death of its patron leads it to canvass successively Charles Quint, the pile cluster and the Cardinal of Utrecht, without success. Having dedicated his treaty on the Education of the girls ( Of institutione feminæ Christianæ ) to the queen Catherine d' Aragon, the king Henry VIII of England recommends his candidature at Wolsey, which created at this time the Corpus Christi College in Oxford. Sharp was thus named professor of the Université of Oxford on October 12th, 1523.
It goes back to Bruges at the beginning of 1524 to marry there Marguerite Valdaura, girl of notable of the city. Of return in England, he is opposed in his writings to the remarriage of Henry VIII with Anne Boleyn, which is worth the loss of its pulpit of university and the imprisonment to him. Finally banished of England, it declines the offer of Catherine d' Aragon to come to its court and returns to Bruges.
In 1539 the rising of Ghent and threatens it of an intervention of Charles Quint make him plan to leave the city. He dies the following year by leaving unfinished a general Apologie for Christianity .

The social thinker

The social and political Sharp thought is especially developed in its treaty Of subsidizes pauperum . It there prohibited the Begging, drives out the foreign poor out of the city, constrained the citizens to be worked, recommends the Apprentissage for those which do not have trade. He also decides in favor of the internment of the lunatics, and obligatory education as from six years for the found children.

To finance this policy, in addition to the sale of the products of the work of the poor, and the tax on the incomes of the hospitals and the ecclesiastical rich person communities, it does not exclude liberalities.

The town of Ypres into practice put these ideas in 1525, in spite of the protests of the Franciscains, which were pushed back by the Parliament of Paris and Charles Quint.

The pedagog

Sharp was one of the first authors to approach the Anthropologie and the descriptive psychology. There remains especially known today for its work in Pédagogie.

Principles

Sharp is convinced that the man becomes man by the training of a technique, and that this training is possible for any individual. He is done during all the life: the man never ceases learning. The humanistic one must remain in permanent research and “he will not imagine a moment being arrived at the top of the scholarship”. This extract of the Of rations studiis puerilis (1523) watch the optimism and the ambition of Sharp towards education:

the father - Here, my son, the workshop where the men are forged. That you see over there is the Master blacksmith. God keeps you, main. Be discovered, small, and folds the right knee as I taught it to you; rectify yourself maintaining… I bring you my son so that of this ass which he is you make a man with whole share .

Filopono (the Master) - I will deal with him with the greatest care. That will be done; this ass will become a man; the bad one, it will become good and man of good. Do not have the slightest doubt on this subject ”.

Work should be liked, because God does not grant his benefits to the lazy one.

Importance of morals

the Masters must not only have the competence wanted for teaching well… but they must also have irreproachable manners. Their first concern must be not to say or make any thing likely to make indignant or scandalize that which hears them, and anything to realize which cannot be imitated. It is desirable that those which are promoted with the rank of Master it are not only for their teaching, but also for their virtuous control, because a teaching which does not correspond made-to-order to live is pernicious.

Sharp thus insists on the fact that the teacher must show an irreproachable moral behavior. It must convey the good values and the moralities with the students. So the training does not concentrate only on the knowledge, but also on the knowledge being, which we call relational competences.

To find its way

Sharp sees the teacher as a guide which helps each pupil to make the good decision studies choice of trade. For this purpose is essential a diagnostic evaluation at the time which the Master evaluates the capacities of the pupil and directs it towards the suitable course. To detect the talents of the children, it is necessary to make them take part in activities varied to observe their reactions.

the child must pass one or two months to the college so that its intellectual capacities and morals can be measured. The Masters will meet in secrecy four times in the year to exchange their impressions about the possibilities of their respective pupils and to decide method to be used for each one according to the aptitudes highlighted .

The pupil is thus advised with the length of his school course and makes his choices according to his own interests. Sharp insists on the danger which consists, to the parents, to want to impose studies on their children.

The relation Master-raises

Moreover, it draws the attention to the influence that with the opinion of the professor on the performances of the pupil. It is thus about a warning statement of labelling: the pupil adapts to the image which the professor has of him. The Master must thus keep the highest hopes.

It is important that the pupil feels appreciated and estimated. In this field, Vives joined contemporary humanistic psychology. He recommends a paternal affection of the professor towards the pupil. The Master must gain the affection of the pupil and encourage it unceasingly all while correcting it. The punishments are thus out of the question.

Empiricism: a pedagogy based on the experiment

For Sharp, the experiment is at the base of any training. Learning is thus active and follows the following step:

to observe reality
detect the problems which it poses
to establish of the models of action
to confront the models with reality.

It is initially necessary to carry out great number of experiments before to deduce some from the models and the rules.

One thus notes a strong analogy with current active pedagogies: learning saw experiments in its entourage which it exploits in order to include/understand it.

Importance of the expression

Sharp wants to train the pupils with the eloquence, because that which can best speak triumph among the men, from where the need for education to rhetoric. For Sharp, rhetoric is not solely used to plead in front of courts or to make political discourses: it is essential with the good administration, on all the levels.

An essential and very current Sharp topic is the training of the language. Ideally, everyone should speak the same universal language which would be Latin seen his importance in arts and sciences. To contribute to it, Vives requires that one create in the majority of the cities of the schools of language teaching, not only of three more current, Latin, the Greek and Hebrew, but also Arabic, and even of the various dialects.

“Latin grew rich by the contributions by the Greek, just like it enriched the other languages by Europe and in particular… Italian, Spanish and French. Those which speak these languages would gain much to be familiarized with the Latin language, as well to include/understand it correctly as to have access to all arts and to give more purity and of width to the national language to which Latin gave stock”.

Sharp states precise rules concerning the methods of training and language teaching and indicates the authors and the passages recommended: Cicéron, Sénèque, Plutarque, Plato, holy Jerome and holy Augustin. At the modern ones, he forgets neither the Enchiridion of Érasme, nor the Utopie of Thomas More.

In its Méthode of education of the children (1523) it defines the progression of the trainings in the cycle of teaching preceding academic works:

the training starts with the reading of the letters.
Ensuite the child learns the syllables to pass to extracts of speech. This training is done by an alternation between the writing and the reading.
Enfin comes the study from the conjugation of the verbs, the syntax and the translation of English into Latin.

Education of the women

In Of institutione feminae christianae (Institution of the Christian woman, 1523), Vives treats the education of the woman: he specifies the conduits which she must adopt as an young girl, woman and a widow. The education of the young girl puts an important weight on the play which prepare it with the domestic and domestic tasks. As of seven years, the girl must be initiated with the reading and manual work. Sharp thus supports a development of the intellectual abilities of the woman, but its role remains the household and the education of the children. It must of reading good books, to continue to inform itself with an aim of improving its control. With regard to the appropriate dress, the woman must get dressed in an austere way and avoid any sign of provocation or arrogance.

Sharp innovates on the following points with regard to the training of the women: it requires the training of the reading, the writing and a intellectual education. Nevertheless, the role of the woman remains very traditional: the education of the children and household.

The school, place of training

Sharp stresses the importance of the environment of the place of training which is the school.

That nobody is astonished that one seeks with such an amount of care the place where must be born and grow wisdom, just like one seeks the place where to install the hive so that the bees give us their honey.

Various factors as the risk of epidemics, the presence of healthy food, the insulation of any noisy vicinity and the public highways, etc determine the site of the schools.

Works

Large Pacifist, Juan Luis Sharp wrote with many recoveries with the European authorities (popes and kings), to engage them with peace and the dialog and wrote treaties on peace between the people of Europe. Catholic convert, it also wrote on the Christian faith. Sharp works are (for the time) of large best-seller, with equal of the Adages and the Colloques of Érasme, its model.

In pseudo dialecticos (1519) is a lampoon against the verbosity of the Parisian écolâtres, whose Vivès had a sharp memory.
Of institutione feminæ Christianæ (1523), knew forty editions. Subordinating the woman to the man because the spirit of the woman is lower, Vives required nevertheless that the women not be abandoned with ignorance. He saw in the marriage an act primarily civic and legal, founded on reciprocal concessions and freely authorized.
, on the site of the Humanistic Virtual libraries
Of subsidizes pauperum (1526) was an answer to the magistrates of Bruges, city where misery and unemployment were spread out in the streets. Sharp estimates that the Charité encourages the poor not to seek work. He proposes to limit the financial government aid to the patients and the handicapped people, but to put at work the inactive ones in good health, or to expel them city.
Introductio AD sapientiam (1524) knew fifty editions. In philosophy, Vivès was violently caught of them with work Aristote and tried to reconcile the traditional thought with the Christian influence.
AD animi exercitationem in Deum commentatiumculæ knew eighteen editions.
In Of disciplinis (1531), work in 20 books, Vives presented, in addition to the rules of the good style, the principles of philosophy and the history. It supported that the history was to approach the human activity in all its aspects without restricting itself to tell the wars. He condemned the naive accounts of the Gilded Légende .
, on the site of Bibliotheca Latina: a Latin course who is his principal didactic work and was republished eighteen times.
Of animated and vita (1538) gathers research of the author on psychology.
the unfinished Apology for Sharp was published on a purely posthumous basis under the title Of veritate fidei christianae by Cranevelt (1543).

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