Josiah Warren
Josiah Warren (1798-1874) was a Anarchiste individualist, an inventor, a musician, and a states-unien author. He is generally regarded as being the first American anarchist, and some estimate that the periodical that he directed in 1833, The Peaceful Revolutionist ( the peaceful revolutionist ), was the first anarchistic periodical ever published. It is credited by Benjamin Tucker as being one with the precursors with criticism " socialiste" capitalism, which, like Proudhon, chooses the way of the Anarchie rather than the authoritative state socialism suggested by the Marxist . Tucker dedicated its collection of tests, Instead off has Book , with the memory of Warren " my friend and Master… whose lesson was my first source of lumière" (in English: " my friend and master… whose teachings were my first source off light"). Tucker known as of Warren that it " was the first man to expose and formulate the doctrines from now on known under the name of Anarchisme. " (in English: " was the first man to expound and formulate the doctrines now known ace Anarchism.") ( Liberty XIV (December, 1900): 1).
The individualistic philosophy of Warren appeared in opposition of the co-operative movement of Robert Owen, of which it was one of the first participants. Warren is known to have presented the idea of the " Sovereignty of the individual ". In his Proclamation , Warren declares:
" The formation of companies, or all other combinations artificial, IS the largest first, and the most fatal error ever made by the legislators and the reformists. That all these combinations require the rendering of the natural sovereignty of the INDIVIDUAL on his person, her time, her property and its responsibilities, in favor of the government resulting from this combination. That tends to kill the individual -- to reduce it to a simple part of a machine; implying the others in the responsibility for these acts, and being implied in the responsibilities for the acts and the feelings for its associates; he lives and acts, without clean control on his own businesses, without certainty as for the results of his actions, and almost without brain which he dares to use on his own account; and consequently never carries out the large objects for which the company of its own consent is formed. "
- In English:
" The forming off societies gold any other artificial combinations IS the first, greatest, and most fatal mistake ever committed by legislators and by reformers. That all thesis combinations require the surrender off the natural sovereignty off the INDIVIDUAL over her gold his person, time, property and responsibilities, to the government off the combination. That this tighten to prostrate the individual-To reduce him to has mother part off has machine; involving others in responsibility for his acts, and being involved in responsibilities for the acts and feelings off his associates; He lives & acts, without proper control over his own affairs, without certainty ace to the results off his actions, and almost without brains that He dares to use one his own account; and consequently never realizes the great objects for which society is professedly formed."
Warren used the expression " the cost of the limit of the price, " since he believed that he was not " politically correct" to charge in an article more than the price of production or obtaining this one. In Equitable Trade , it writes:
Yew cost is made the limit off price, every one becomes interested in reducing COST, by bringing in all the economies, all the facilities to their aid. Goal, one the contrary, yew cost does not govern the price, goal every thing is priced At what it will bring, there are No such Co-operating interests. Yew I amndt to cuts my supply off flour At cost , then, any facility I edge afford to the Grower wheat, reduces the cost to me, and it does the same for all who cuts any portion off the wheat, I amndt promoting all to their interests while pursuing my own… Now yew the wheat were NOT TO BE SOLD TO custom AT COST, goal At " whatever it would bring " according to our necessities, then nun off custom would cuts any interest in affording facilities, repairing breaches, NOR in any other way Co-operating with the producer off it. The same, justifies would act in the production, safeguarding, and uses every thing." off; (p. 77-78)
It into practice put its theories by establishing a " store of provisioning of work by the travail" (in English: " labor for labor blind ") called the Cincinnati Time Blind where the exchange was facilitated by tickets reinforced by the promise to carry out required work. This store proved successfully and continued to function three years after it was closed, which made it possible Warren to be able to establish " colonies" based on the Mutualism. That included " Utopia " and " Modern Times ".
See too
- Cincinnati Time individualistic Blind
- Anarchism in the United States of America
- Mutualism
Academic work relating to it
- Bailie, William. Josiah Warren: The First American Anarchist . Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1906.
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Creagh, Ronald, Laboratories of the Utopia. Libertarian communities in the United States. Paris, Payot (coll Criticizes of the policy) 1983. (See in particular the third chapter: " Alchemy of individualism: Josiah Warren")
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Wunderlich, Roger. Low Living room and High Thinking At Modern Times, New York . Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Near, 1992. ISBN 0-8156-2554-5
External bonds
- The Josiah Warren Project, which concentrates on the publication of texts of and on Warren
- a biography of Warren by his son George W. Warren
- the Proclamation of Josiah Warren
- '' Equitable Trade '' by Josiah Warren
- '' Plan off the Cincinnati Labor for Labor Store '' by Josiah Warren
- '' True Civilization '' by Josiah Warren
- '' Josiah Warren: The First American Anarchist '', by William Bailie
- '' Josiah Warren and the Sovereignty off the Individual '' per annum Caldwell Butler
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