Joseph Liouville

Joseph Liouville (March 24th 1809 with Saint-Omer - September 8th 1882 with Paris) is a Mathématicien French.

Biography

He is the son of a Militaire which survives the Napoleonean campaigns and which, in 1814, establishes its family with Toul.

Joseph is graduate Polytechnic school (Promotion 1825). Two years later, it integrates the École of the Highways Departments, of which it does not obtain the Diplôme because of problems of Santé and, especially, of its Volonté to follow an academic career rather than a career of Engineer. After a few years in various institutions as assistant and professor with the central School (1833, where it was repeater since 1831), it is named Professor at the Polytechnic school in 1838. It obtains a pulpit in mathematics with the Collège de France in 1850 and a Chaire in Mécanique with the Faculty of Science in 1857. He is elected member of the Academy of Science in 1870.

Beside its academic successes, he was a remarkable organizer. Liouville founded the Journal of mathematics pure and applied which keeps its high reputation nowadays (it is published since 1997 by the Anglo-Dutch editor Elsevier, [1]). It was the first with reading new work of Welsh Évariste, recognized some the importance and in its newspaper in 1846 published them. Liouville was also implied in Politique and was member of the constituent Assembly in 1848. However, after its defeat with the election S with the Delegation in 1849, it left the Politique.

Liouville published in various fields of mathematics, of which the Théorie of the numbers, the Analyze complexes, the differential Géométrie and the differential Topologie, but also the Mathematical physics and even the Astronomie.

It is particularly famous for its Théorème of Liouville, nowadays a rather simple result in Analyze complexes. In the Theory of the numbers, it was the first to prove the existence of the transcendent numbers by a construction using the continuous fractions (numbers of Liouville).

In Mathematical physics, the Theory Sturm-Liouville, work united with Charles-François Sturm, is now a usual Procédure to solve certain types of integral equations. There exists a second theorem of Liouville in the Hamiltonian dynamic . It was interested in the Problème Valeur S at the edge of the solutions of differential equations. With regard to the elliptic integral , it proves in particular that the abelian functions are Transcendantes.

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