Joseph Fouché , known as Fouché of Nantes , duke of Otranto, count Fouché, is a Politician French born the May 21st 1759 with the Pellerin close to Nantes (Loire-Atlantique) and dead the December 26th 1820 with Trieste.

Biography

He was prefect of the studies at the Oratorien S of Nantes when the French revolution burst. He embraced the cause with heat, and was elected appointed of it in 1792 by the town of Nantes to the Convention, where he belonged to the committee of the state education. He belonged to the party of the Girondins before voting the death of Louis XVI and rocking on the benches of the Montagnards.

In the Nievre and the Coast-with Or in 1793, it was the organizer of the movement of Déchristianisation and repression anti-peerage-book.

With Collot d' Herbois, it was named by Convention to repress the Lyons insurrection and there made reign terror. It was charged to make carry out the decree which ordered the destruction of this city and had share with cruelties which were made then: on this occasion, it gains the nickname of “ machine gunner of Lyon ”, to have substituted for the guillotine considered to be too slow the execution of mass of risen by the grapeshot (from the guns drew on groups from several tens of condemned). Recalled to Paris the 7 Germinal (March 27th 1794) at the request of Robespierre in spite of the protection of Billaud-Game preserve, it reinstated Convention the 17 Germinal (April 8th), which returned his report/ratio to the Comité of public hello. On its return, it had an interview with the Incorruptible one:

My brother required account of blood of him that it had made run and reproached him its control with such an energy of expression that Fouché was pale and trembling. He stammered some excuses and rejected cruel measurements which he had taken on the hardness of the circumstances. Robespierre answered him that nothing could justify cruelties of which it had been made guilty; that Lyon admittedly had been in insurrection against national Convention, but that it was not a reason to make to mitrailler in mass disarmed enemies . Charlotte Robespierre, Memories

Thereafter, after the backward flow of the Terror, he sought to reject the fault on Collot d' Herbois.

Being justified in front of the Jacobins, he managed to be made elect with the presidency of the club the 16 Prairial (June 4th), in the absence of the Incorruptible one. However, when delegations of Nevers and Morvan showed it, this one denounced it.

Driven out Jacobins the 24 Prairial (June 12th) at the request of Robespierre, against which he plotted in the shade, he was opposed to the reaction thermidorienne after the 9-Thermidor and bound with Gracchus Babeuf. Threatened after the insurrections of the 12 germinal and the 1 {{er}} meadow year III, it obtained the protection of Barras and profited from the amnesty of Brumaire An IV. Discredited, without employment, Fouché some time of expédients lived. Responsible for a mission in the the Eastern Pyrenees for the delimitation of the Franco-Spanish borders, it was employed then by the Directoire in its secret police. Then it made deals with the bankers Ouvrard and Hainguerlot and obtained, thanks to Réal, a participation in a company of suppliers in the armies.

Named the 11 Vendémiaire Year VII (October 1st 1798) ambassador plenipotentiary close the Republic cisalpine, it was replaced as of the 26 Frimaire (December 16th) and again had to hide. Making its reappearance after the elections of the Year VII, Barras made it name ambassador near the Batavian République the 16 Messidor (July 4th 1799). It prepared there a coup d'etat with the general Brune when it was named Minister for the police force the 2 Thermidor (July 20th) to be opposed to agitation jacobine and to put an end to the activity of the Club of the Horse-gear.

It deployed in this post office a great activity as well as a rare sagacity, and rendered service to Napoleon Bonaparte at the time of the Coup d'etat of the 18 brumaire year VIII (November 9th 1799) not taking any measurement against. Without relying on his probity, the first Consul maintained it in his station and it preserved its wallet of minister thus.

But the 26 Fructidor Year X (September 13rd, 1802), criticized by Talleyrand, its enemy of always, and the brothers of Bonaparte, it was congédié, the ministry was dissolved, preserving however a role in the arrest of Pichegru, Moreau and of the duke of Enghien. As compensation, Napoleon offered a seat with the Senate (Sénatorie of Aix) and a million to him two hundred and thousand francs of gratification.

It became again Minister for the police force in July 1804 and 1810 remained to it until June. Count d' Empire in 1808, duke of Otranto in 1809, it was again disgraced to have tried to subject remarks of peace with England near the minister Arthur Wellesley.

With the favor of a back in favor and after the Countryside of Russia, it was named governor of the Provinces it in 1813, station extremely difficult. Once in the Provinces, it shows there moderation, it there pleads for the total abolition of serfdom, fully plays its part of governor by organizing receptions for the notable buildings, and while being interested in the problems of the population. He does not flee of Laybach (today Ljubljana) only a few days before the arrival of the Austrians to continue to make accept the population that it is not necessary to worry. He again betrays the Emperor with Joachim Murat in 1814, and was with Paris to offer to the count d' Artois (the future Charles X) the general lieutenancy of the kingdom after the imperial defeat.

He was again named Minister for the police force during the Hundred Days. After the defeat of Waterloo, he became president of the provisional government, and negotiated with the allied powers. The July 9th 1815, he becomes minister of Louis XVIII. This last named it, it to move away, ambassador with Dresden.

Then, I went to His Majesty: introduced into one of the rooms which preceded that by the king, I did not find anybody; I sitted in a corner and I waited. Suddenly a door opens: between silently the defect pressed on the arm of the crime, Mr. de going Talleyrand supported by Mr. Fouché; the infernal vision passes slowly in front of me, penetrates in the cabinet of the king and disappears. Fouché came to swear faith and homage to its lord; the ferroaluminium regicide, at knees, put the hands which made fall the head from Louis XVI between the hands of the brother of the king martyr; the bishop apostate was guarantee of the oath. François-Rene de Chateaubriand, Mémoires of In addition to-falls

Struck by the ordinance of the January 12th 1816, like having voted the death of Louis XVI, it was proscribed and exiled as a Régicide. He died in exile with Trieste in 1820, assisted by prince Jerome Bonaparte, who, under his orders and his monitoring, burned, during five hours, all his papers. Thus undoubtedly disappeared the secret history from the Directory, the Consulate and the First Empire.

Its ashes will return to France only in 1875 to be deposited with the cemetery of Tool bag-in-Brie.

One made appear under his name in 1824 of the Mémoires of a certain interest with the historical plan which were declared apocryphal book S by its family which, protected by Bernadotte, will become Swedish (only ducal title of Sweden)

But, following work of Louis Madelin, André Castelot considers that these “memories” are well with the hand of Joseph Fouché.

Ministries

Descent of Joseph Fouché

Joseph Fouché married Good-Jeanne Coignaud (1792). From this union was born:

  • Joseph-Freedom Fouché (1796 - 1862) 2nd duke of Otranto

  • Armand Fouché (1800 - 1878), 3rd duke of Otranto

  • Joséphine-Ludmille Fouché (1803 - 1893)

Of its descent is resulting Virginia Coupérie married in 1985 with the singer Julien Clerc

Widower, Joseph Fouché will marry in 1818, Gabrielle-Ernestine de Castellane. No newborn will be born from this union.

External bonds

  • Joseph Fouché and French insurrection (general biographical Article. Not very objective and noncontradictory.)
  • Its Memories

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