John Dalton
John Dalton (September 6th 1766 - July 27th 1844) was a Chimiste and Physicien British born with Eaglesfield, close to Cockermouth in the Cumberland. It is more particularly known for its atomic Théorie published in 1805.
Biography
First years
His/her father, Joseph Dalton, were poor Tisserand, which, with his wife (Deborah Greenup), belonged to the Religious Société of the Friends. They had three children: Jonathan, John, Marie.
Dalton receives its first lesson of his/her father and John Fletcher professor at the school of the Quakers of Eaglesfield. With the retirement of this last in 1778 it also begins him to teach in this school. It receives only five shillings per week what obliges it two years later to resume work with the farm. However during this time it receives on behalf of one of its close relations, Elihu Robinson a teaching in mathematics. In 1781 it leaves its native village to become the assistant of its cousin George Bewley, who deals with school with Kendal. It spends the twelve following years there, and in 1785, with the retirement of this last, he becomes the assistant editor with his Jonathan older brother. About 1790, he thinks of moving towards the right or medicine, but its projects receive little encouragement on behalf of its close relations and it remains in Kendal until its departure for Manchester in spring 1793. Mainly thanks to John Gough, a blind philosopher with whom Dalton owed his principal scientific knowledge, it is named professor of mathematics and natural philosophy to the “New College” of the street Moseley (transferred in 1880 to “Manchester College”, Oxford). It holds this employment until in 1799 when the college is moved with York, it becomes mathematics professor and of chemistry then. He is prize winner in 1826 of the royal Médaille.
Its first weather work, Observations and tests (1793), cause only little interest. In 1794, it presents, in front of the philosophical and literary company of Manchester, an article giving the first description of the Daltonisme, disease from which it suffers itself. In 1803, he proposes for the first time his theory according to which the matter is made up of atoms of different masses which combine according to simple proportions. This theory (which is its more important contribution to science) is the angular stone of modern chemistry. In 1808 a new system of chemical philosophy appears . In this book, Dalton draws up the list of the atomic masses of a certain number of elements brought back to the mass of hydrogen. While not being entirely correct, its masses form the base of the modern periodic table of the elements. Dalton arrived at its atomic theory by a study of the physical properties of the atmospheric air and other gases. During its research, he discovers the law of the pressures partial of the gas mixtures (Loi of Dalton), according to which the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gas is equal to the sum of the individual pressures that each gas would exert if he occupied only whole volume. He made progress chemistry because he stated the law of the multiple proportionalities and those of the mixtures of gases.
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