John Curtin
John Joseph Curtin (January 8th 1885 – July 5th 1945), was an Australian politician who was the fourteenth Prime Minister of Australia. He was with the head of the country when this one was under the direct threat of the Japanese army during the Second world war. He is regarded by much as one of the largest Australian Prime Ministers. The general Douglas MacArthur said of him that it had been " one of largest chief-of state for the period of guerre". Its predecessor, Arthur Fadden of Country Party wrote: " With my opinion, there was not of greater Australian political figure during my existence than that of Curtin.".
Youth
Curtin was born with Creswick a village from the center from the state from Victoria. His/her father was an police officer of Irish origin. He went to the elementary school then starting from the twelve years age, worked in factory with Melbourne. He joined very young person the Australian Workers party and the Socialist party of Victoria, a group Marx ist. He wrote in the radical or socialist newspapers under the name of " Curtin" jack;.In 1911 Curtin was employed with the secretariat of the trade union of the workers of wood and, during the First World War it militated against the Conscription. He was candidate of left ravaillist for the district Balaclava in 1914. He was imprisoned a few days to have refused to pass an obligatory medical examination whereas he knew that he would be reformed because of his bad sight. The pressure of this period led it to drink more than of raisonce which harmed its career during many years. In 1917, he married Elsie Needham, the sister of a Labor senator.
Politician
Curtin settled with Perth in 1918 to direct the Westralian Worker , the official journal of the trade union. He appreciated the life less stressing of the Western Australia and its political sights became less radical. It was several times Labor candidate with the federal elections before succeeding in obtaining the station of deputy of Fremantle to the general elections of 1928. He hoped to be appointed minister in the government of James Scullin but its practice to drink made that he was put at the variation. It lost its seat with the elections of 1931 but in 1934 recovered it.
When Scullin resigned of the head of the workers party in 1935, Curtin was elected in its place with a voice of majority to the general surprise. The left wing of the party and the trade-union group voted for him to counter its rival Frank Forde who had supported the economic policy of the Scullin government. The group also made him promise not to more drink what it did. Its party progressed of some seats to the elections of 1937 but the party of Joseph Lyons gained however with a comfortable advance; after the death of Lyons in 1939, the position of the workers party improved. Curtin missed by some seats the victory with the elections of 1940.
Prime Minister
Curtin refused the proposal of Robert Menzies to form a government of national union, partly by fear of seeing the workers party bursting. In October 1941 the two independent members of Parliament who had supported the conservatives with the capacity since 1940 gave their Labor supports aus and Curtin became Prime Minister.
The December 8th, after the war of the Pacific]] which led Curtin quickly to take crucial sécisions for the country.
Curtin establishes very close employment relationships with the commander-in-chief of the allied forces for the zone of the south-western Pacific, the general [[Douglas MacArthur]]. Pensaitque Curtin Australia would be given up by the alliéssi a powerful voice was not made intend to support it in Wiashington and it wished that this voice be that of the MacArthur general. It gave the command of the Australian forces to the general MacArthur, this one receiving his orders directly Australian government.
The Australian government had accepted that its first army corps is transferré since [[North Africa]] with [[the Eastern Indies Dutchwomen]]. In February, after the fall of [[Singapore]] and the loss of the 8 {{E}} division, Churchill tried to recover the 1 {{er}} Australian army corps to reinforce the British troops with [[Burma]] and this without the agreement of the Australian ones. Curtin required the return of its troops in Australia while agreeing all the same to leave most of the 6 {{E}} division with [[Ceylon]].
The Japanese threat was translated it [[February 19th]] by the Japanese bombardment of [[Darwin (Australia)|Darwin]], the first of the air raids which Australia had to undergo.
At the end of 1942 after the battles of [[battles of the Coral sea|coral sea]], of [[battles of Milne Bay|Milne Bay]] and of [[Kokoda Track]] which opposed the Japanese forces to the Australian forces near the country, the population felt the threat of Japanese invasion which weighed on their country. In August, the Australian workers party gained the greatest electoral victory of its existence.
Curtin extended also the terms of the law of Defense so that the Australian troops of reserve can be deployed out of Australia, in the countries of the south-west of the Pacific which the General governor would regard as associated with defense with Australie [http://www.naa.gov.au/fsheets/fs162.html National Files off Australia: National service and war, 1939-45] . This project ran up against the opposition of the majority of its former defenders of the left wing of the party led by [[Arthur Calwell]].
The stress of this battle inside its own party caused serious problems on its fragile health and at the beginning of 1945, its health was strongly degraded. He died it [[July 5th]] [[1945]] at the 60 years age. It was buried in Perth.
It was replaced during a short time interval by [[Frank Forde]], then one week later, after internal elections with the party, by [[Ben Chifley]].
== Notes and references ==
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