Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (born with Frankfurt the August 28th 1749 and dead the March 22nd 1832 with Weimar at the 82 years age) is a Poète, Romancier and German Dramaturge , also Scientifique and large administrator.

Biography

He is the author of a prolific work to the encyclopedic accents which attaches it to two literary movements: the Sturm und Drang and the Classicism of Weimar ( Weimarer Klassik ). He proposed a theory of the light and made the discovery of a bone of the jaw. He is often quoted as a member of the Illuminés of Bavaria. Its Divan must much with Hafez.

He is in particular the author of the Souffrances of the young person Werther ( Die Leiden of the jungen Werther ), the elective affinitieses ( Wahlverwandschaften ), Faust I and II , the Years of training of Wilhelm Meister ( Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre ) as of many poems of which much is so famous that worms entered from there like proverbs the German language: Willkommen und Abschied (“be schlug mein Herz, geschwind zu Pferde/are war getan fast eh gedacht”), Mignon (“kennst of the das Land wo die Zitronen blühen… ”, you Know the country where the lemon tree flowers), the King of the alders (“Wer reitet so spät durch Nacht und Wind/be STI der Vater put seinem Kind… ”) DER König in Thule , etc

Origins and youth (1749-1765)

Goethe, old family of craftsmen originating in Thuringe, lived, at the time of the birth of Johann Wolfgang, a house of Frankfurt, called today Goethe-Haus . Johann Caspar Goethe (1710-1782), his/her father, who devoted a broad part of his life to the creation of a Cabinet of Natural history and to a collection of tables, required by no means to follow some occupation that it is beside these activities and of the education of his/her children, since it had bought a title to advise imperial. Cultivated man, it travelled to Italy besides (his/her son will remember in Poésie and truth a gondole that it would have brought back Venice), and drew from this voyage a newspaper which was published only in 1932. The mother of Goethe, Catharina Elisabeth Goethe, born Textor (1731-1808), came as for it from the Noblesse de robe. Girl of écoutète (provost), it married at 17 years the Goethe adviser, then 38 years old. But Johann Wolfgang did not have anything of a jovial nature and the relation which it maintained with his parents revealed often conflict, of the fact in particular of the extreme severity of his/her father.

Many children of the couple, alone Johann Wolfgang, the junior, and his sister Cornelia Friderike Christina (born the December 7th 1750), survived, in spite of a Petite pox which missed carrying it in 1758.

Its rigorous humanistic education (it had had to learn several languages whose in particular old Greek , the Latin , the French, the English, the Hebrew , but also studied the majority of the sciences taught in this time, the Danse, the horsemanship, the Escrime…) was then made in particular by his/her father, man severe to which he often prefers the company of his mother. The relation which it maintained with his parents, and in particular with his/her father, was particularly conflict, more especially as the Goehe young person does not have anything of a jovial nature. However, its studies appeared to transform it: of quarreller, he became model boy, learned with a great facility, impassioned himself for the drawing but in parallel had great difficulties in music.

The Guerre Seven Year old was for him the occasion to discover French civilization: a French officer, the count de Thorane, indeed moved into the house of Goethe in 1759, whereas the French Army stationed with Frankfurt.

Thorane and the father of Goethe quickly became good friends. Such an amount of and as long as this last supported the French at the time of the Bataille of Rossbach, with the great scandal his/her father-in-law, Textor. Thanks to the good relationships which it maintained with this last, the Goethe young person could assist with the crowning of the King of the Romans Joseph II in 1764.

Studies and first writings (1765-1775)

In its birthplace, Frankfurt, it éprit of the young person and beautiful Lili Schoenemann. Goethe studies the right to Leipzig of 1765 with 1768 and Strasbourg of 1770 with 1771. There meets Johann Gottfried Herder, and is a idylle with Frederique Brion. In 1772, it is received doctor, returns to Frankfurt from May at September when it is named lawyer of the imperial court, and becomes magistrate with Wetzlar.

In 1773, it starts again to write. During a voyage with Basedow and Lavater on the Lahn, it composes in front of the strong castle of Lahneck, the poem Geistesgruss , translated by Madam de Staël.

Weimar (1775-1786)

In 1775, it settles with Weimar as an attache at the court of the duke Charles Auguste, then Conseiller secret legation since 1776. Three years later, he sees himself appointed Commissaire with the war, before being anobli in 1782 and seeing themselves entrusting the direction of the public purses. He starts there a platonic connection with Charlotte von Stein, seven years his elder, which lasted ten years. He wrote 1  to him; 700 letters… He wrote during this period two great dramas, first of all written in prose then retranscribed in pentametric iambic: Iphigénie in Tauride and Torquato Tasso . The September 3rd 1786, it left Carlsbad (maintanant Karlovy Vary in Tchéquie) where it made a cure and went secretly to Italy, so that nobody can obstruct it in what constitutes in its eyes the realization of the one of its most expensive dreams, the discovery of a country which his/her father had praised to him so much…

Life in Italy (1786-1788)

In Italy! In Italy! Paris will be my school, Rome my university. Because it is really a university; who saw it has all considering already Goethe in 1770 wrote. Making short stages with Vérone, Vicence, Padoue then, after a two weeks stay to Venice, with Ferrare, Bologna, Florence and Perugia, it reaches finally the Eternal City the October 29th. It decides there to reside at the n°18 on the Corso. There it attends there German artists such as Tischbein which will paint its most famous portrait in 1787, as well as the painter Angelica Kauffmann, and Italian, such as the engraver Giovanni Volpato. March in June 1787, Goethe leaves for the south Italy and Sicily, accompanied by Christoph Heinrich Kniep, painter and engraver, charged with illustrating this voyage. After a short stay with Naples, it goes to Palermo and that point reaches on April 2nd after a voyage at sea difficult (it has the sea sickness) four days. This stay impresses it highly: Without the Sicily, Italy is not in us a completed table; it is here that indeed the key of any thing is . Mediterranean atmosphere leading it to begin a tragedy entitled Nausicaa of which he will write only some scenes. He will visit many temples and ancient ruins (Ségeste on April 20th, Agrigente on April 24th, the theater of Taormina on May 7th), but will not carry any interest to the other cultural vestiges of Sicily (which they are Byzantine, Arab or Gothic). Indeed, like noted it Jean Lacoste: Fault of being able to go to Greece because of the Othoman occupation, the poet finds in Sicily, Large Greece of Antiquity, the possibility of approaching the Greek origin as much as possible, of the Greek model, without being really in the presence of this one, according to an indirect step which will be that of Heidegger going to Provence to find forgotten Greece, or the lapse of memory of Greece

In a letter dated December 3rd, 1786, that is to say only three months after its departure, Goethe sees already in this voyage A true rebirth… A second birth

Weimar (1788-1805)

Two years later, it returns to Weimar, becomes Minister for the Duke and settles with Christiane Vulpius, resulting from the lower middle class, florist. In 1791, he becomes director of new the theater of the large-ducal Court, station which he preserves until in 1817. Wearied by the banality and the provincialism of the ducal court, he flees it as much as much as possible. But it cannot make differently than to accompany the Duc by Saxony-Weimar, officer of the Prussian army in 1792, at the time the Bataille of Valmy. It will have, on this occasion, very early the feeling of the extreme innovation of the French revolution, thus declaring in its Campagne of France : Today opens one new era of the history of the world

In 1794, it binds friendship with Schiller. Both knew each other already since 1788 (date of the return in Italy de Goethe), but did not have until there very little sympathy one to the other: Goethe feeling quite far away from the concerns of the playwright rousseauist, while Schiller feared that Goethe does not do too much shade to him. The decisive meeting of July 1794, will be done via mutual friends, and, curiously, maintains to them will not relate on the literature but to the natural science and the philosophy, which counted then among main concerns of Goethe. A famous correspondence between the two German writers will follow. Goethe will take part in 1795 in the review of Schiller, the Hours , and will make there publish the Entretiens with German emigrants to which belonged Conte ( Märchen ) celebrates it, later entitled the green Snake .

Schiller will die in 1805, causing the advent of what some hold for a third period in the life of Goethe.

Weimar (1805-1832)

In 1806, Goethe makes the decision to marry Christiane Vulpius.

In 1808, it meets with Erfurt the Emperor of French Napoleon Bonaparte, present within the framework of the Congrès of Erfurt, which decorates it there with the Légion of honor.
Although the philosopher Schopenhauer was present there, they will await a meeting in 1813 to discuss the theory of the colors worked out by Goethe.

Assiduous visitor of the literary living room held by his mother Johanna, it meets there artists and philosophers of which Heinrich Reiss and the painter Füssli.

In 1814, it is caught passion for Marianne von Willemer. In 1822, its wife having died since six years already, it proposal Ulrike von Levetzow (16 years), which refuses (he has 73 of them!). It finishes its Wise of Weimar” , attended famous life under the name of “, courted and adulated by the whole of the European literary circles (and more particularly by Carlyle).

It died out on March 22nd, i.e. hardly more than one month after having completed its Second Faust . Its last words, according to a " W" mysterious that it would have traced in the air, would have been: “Mehr Licht! Mehr licht! ” ( “More light! More light! ” ), interpreted quite different manners, some seeing the despair of a great man there not to have been able to pile up enough to know in its life, while others, such as for example Friedrich von Müller, it want to understand only as one prayer that the window was opened to him, to still give the opportunity to him to contemplate light of day.

Goethe and women

In its speech over the centenary of died of Goethe, Paul Valéry believes to explain the sentimental fickleness of Goethe, and its incapacity to be given entirely to only one woman, by the fact that in each woman he seeks the eternal female, i.e. the physical beauty (Helene) and morals (Marguerite) absolute.

It is interesting to note that the experiments of Goethe with the women influenced the female characters depicted in its works: thus the character of Lotte in the Sufferings of the young person Werther corresponds partly to Charlotte Buff; the young person Ulrike von Levetzow inspires to him the character of Marguerite in Faust.

Goethe and arts

Goethe and the drawing

A long time, Goethe endeavoured to develop what it called small talent its , and this, primarily during its Voyage in Italy , in contact with painters experienced like Tischbein. It will go primarily on the engraving of landscape, but will push only seldom to the portrait, never not going to regard itself as talented. Of its taste for the drawing, he says in a small text published in 1821:

I thought for a long time that the drawing is often mentioned in my confessions, in the information which I gave on the course of my life, so that one could ask not without reason why thus nothing of satisfying the artistic point of view could leave these repeated efforts and this permanent predilection of amateur.

Recently the publisher Maisonneuve and Larose published in its collection a double glance , Voyages to Rome (extracted from sound Voyage in Italy ), decorated many engravings of Goethe.

Goethe and music

Goethe librettist

Goethe cherished the idea a long time to be made librettist of opera. One thus counts 20 texts and lyric drafts of works, is a fifth of its total dramatic production. Don Giovanni of Mozart constitutes according to him the unsurpassable ideal towards which must tighten any opera. Thus in its conversation with Eckermann of February 12th, 1829, he will exclaim that the music of sound Faust should be in the style of Don Giovanni , and that, in fact, only Mozart could have carried out this one. Besides Mozart will obsess Goethe at such a point that it will end up writing a continuation of the " Magic Flute ".

In its youth (1777), before Don Giovanni , Goethe will write two booklets: Erwin und Elmire , an operetta inspired of the " Vicar of Wakefield " , Romance English of Oliver Goldsmith celebrates, to which he adds a little sentimental intrigue to Werther and Lila accompanied by songs and popular dances. Then, in 1779, Goethe will start a correspondence with the German type-setter Philipp Christoph Kayser. Thus settles a collaboration which will lead to a Singspiel , Plaisanterie, trick and revenge ( Scherz, List und Rache ) which proves, at the time of its representation in 1784, a total failure. The problem in these three booklets consists of what Goethe, which is not musician, necessarily recognizes with the booklet an anteriority in time . He regards the music as ornament of the text, and not the text like a pretext with the music. He is thus thus with the antipodes famous Italian formula preceded the musica, poi the word , which prevents it from developing a collaboration with musicians of first importance, which, following the example Mozart in the Enlèvement with the seraglio , triumphing the year even over the furnace of Scherz List und Rache , prefer poor booklets that it is permissible for them to modify at mercy. A new disappointment will close for a time its activity of librettist: in 1786, he undertakes an adaptation of a comedy of Friedrich Wilhelm Gotter, the known Secrecy of all ( Das öffenliche Geheimnis ), itself inspired by the Segreto publico of Carlo Goldoni. It was about a very free adaptation since Goethe had decided to borrow many elements from the Mariage of Barber of Beaumarchais. However, on May 1st, 1786 is created the Nozze of Mozart, who will be a resounding success. This conjunction will convince Goethe to give up its work which cannot compete with that of Da Ponte and of Mozart. Mozart, for the second time, had preceded Goethe by producing an undeniable masterpiece note Dietrich Borchmeyer, commentator of Goethe

Goethe will make news incartades in the lyric kind with three operas, which it will make represent in Weimar at the beginning of the decade 1790: Die theatralischen Abenteuer / theatrical Adventures (1790-91), Die veretelten Ränke / Intrigues thwarted and, especially Circé (1790-94). They are all three of the germanized adaptations of Italian operas: two first coming from Domenico Cimarosa ( the Business manager in angustie and weaves It deluse ) when Circé comes from Maga Circe of Pasquale Anfossi. Goethe which held this last opera in rather high regard (" eine immer erfruliche Oper ", " an always pleasant Opera ") a certain popularity to him while writing in its annals of 1791 qu ' it will ensure would have been put in music by Cimarosa and Mozart (" MIT Cimarosa' S und Mozart' S Musik ). In fact, he will have simply been assistant of this opera four arias of Mozart, drawn from the Schauspieldirektor (1786), current practice at one time when there were no yet royalties.

The set one on sciences

Biology

Goethe is interested in the Botanique and publishes a test on the metamorphosis of the Plante S: Versuch die Metamorphosis der Pflanzen zu erklären (1790). In this one, Goethe tries to establish a general theory on the morphology of the plants by recognizing the analogy of certain forms like the Cotylédon S, the shape of the flowers or the sheets. It also outlines a theory of the evolution at the plants and connects the morphology with the Phylogénie. This vision is very advances some on the ideas generally held on the plants at its time. It is thus one of the first (and perhaps the first) to employ the term of metamorphosis in botany.

The concerns of Goethe in this field were especially philospohic. He sought to identify the Urspflanze , the original plant.

The tree fetish of Goethe was also that of the town of Weimar, the Ginkgo biloba. It should be noted that the town of Strasbourg abounds in ginkgo biloba: a very old specimen on the garden of the place of the republic opposite the BNU (National library and Academic of Strasbourg), in the botanical garden (that Goethe in addition observes top of its pedestal since the garden of the university of chemistry, being next to the botanical garden), and a little everywhere in the many alleys of the city (for example in the district of the public records).

Zoology and osteology

It is interested in other natural science and publishes on the Ostéologie (its discovery of the Os intermaxillaire at the man).

Optics

Its theories remain also current on the Optique, on the perception of the colors and he proposes a categorization in 1810 of it (physiological, physical, chemical colors in its Traité colors ) well before work of Eugene Chevreul published in 1839; it utilized there notions of harmony, contrast and the chromatic difference, speech on the color being based on the observation of the “object-in-the-light” according to its expression.

It is expressed also lengthily on visual perception by affirming our differentiation as for the prospect for the elements vertical and horizontal, the first seem shorter than the seconds (a mountain of 3.000 m seems less large than a distance towards an object located at 3.000 m; or the perception deformed and oval of the low Moon towards the horizon).

Geology

After-Goethe

Family descent

The single son of Goethe has to have reached the adulthood, August, resulting from his loves with Christiane Vulpius, will die of living of his father in 1830, being forty years old.

Musical adaptations of works of Goethe

Principal Lieder

The poems of Goethe had a great success near the romantic type-setters, who decided to adapt them to a musical form being a success always growing, the Lied.

  • It is the case for example for contemporary type-setters, such as Karl Friedrich Zelter ( Lieder on Poems of Goethe ), Conradin Kreutzer ( Lieder according to Faust de Goethe ), Karl Loewe ( Lieder und Balladen nach Goethe ), of Friedrich Kuhlau ( Über allen Gipfeln STI Ruh ) and Domenico Cimarosa ( Die Spröde und die Bekehrte , An dem schönsten Frühlingsmorgen ).

  • Will also follow Mozart ( Das Veilchen K.476) then Ludwig van Beethoven with the opus 83,112 (on the poems Meeresstille and Gluckliche Fahrt ), 122 ( In allen guten Stunden ), 74 ( Ich denke dein ), 127 ( Neue liebe ), 131 ( Erlkönig ), 134 ( Nur wer die Sehnsucht kennt ) and 151 ( DER edle Mensch sei hulfreich und gut ) of the catalogs WoO its works.
  • However, Lieder of Franz Schubert composed on the poems of Goethe, although fewer, are much more known today: they are in particular D.118 ( Gretchen amndt Spinnrade ), D.225 ( DER Fischer ), Lr D.257 ( Heidenröslein ), the D.328 ( Erlkönig ), D.544 ( Ganymed ), D.764 ( Der Musensohn ), and of course the four Lied of Nice the (or Mignons Lied ; D.877), drawn from the Wilhelm Meister .
  • Robert Schumann composed him: Liebeslied , COp 51, No 5, Singet nicht in Trauertonen , COp 98a, No 7, Heiss mich nicht reden , COp 98a No 5, Nice , COp 98a, No 1 and Nachtlied , COp 96, No 1.
  • Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy composed Meerstille and Glückliche Fahrt .
  • Franz Liszt also composed six Lieder, in particular the Kennst of the das Land and the Es war ein König in Thule .
  • Johannes Brahms composed: Die Liebende schreibt , COp. 47/5, Trost in Thränen COp. 48/5, Dämm' rung senkte sich von oben COp. 59/1, Serenade COp. 70/3 and Unüberwindlich COp. 72/5.
  • Richard Wagner composed the Sieben Kompositionen zu Goethes Faust , COp 5 ( Lied der Soldaten , Bauern unter der Linde , Branders Lied , Lied of Mephistopheles , Meine Ruh STI hin , Melodram Gretchens and Lied of Mephistopheles ).
  • Hugo Wolf composed, as for him, fifty Goethe-Lieder .
  • Alexandre von Zemlinsky composed Zwischen Waizen und Korn COp 2 No 5 and Feiger Gedanken bängliches Schwanken COp 22 no.3
  • Vaclav Tomasek composed of the Goethe-Lieder .
  • Richard Strauss composed Sechs Lieder für Singstimme und Klavier COp 67, Erschaffen und Beleben COp 87 No 2, Durch allen Schall und Klang COp 111 and Xenion COp 131.
  • Anton Webern composed Four Songs for Voice and Piano of which Gleich und gleich ( Ein Blumengloeckchen ) COp 12, Two Songs with Weiss wie Lilien and Ziehn die Schaffe COp 19 and Eight Early Songs of which Blummengruss , Der Strauss, den ich .
  • Anton Rubinstein composed Clärchens Lied COp 57 and Die Gedichte und das Requiem fur Mignon aus Goethe' S " Wilhelm Meister' S Lehrjahre COp 91
  • Alban Berg composed Grenzen der Menschheit .
  • Béla Bartók composed Wie herrlich leuchtet to mir die Natur Liebeslieder .
  • Alfred Keller composed Four Lieder , of which one of Goethe.

Operas and vocal works

Among the operas inspired by works of Goethe, it is in particular advisable to name:

It will be noted that the Eight Scenes of Faust of Berlioz, the Faust of Ludwig Spohr, the Doctor Faust of Ferrucio Busoni, the Faust-Symphony of Franz Liszt, the scenes of Faust of Robert Schumann, the second part of the Symphonie nº 8 in major E flat of Gustav Mahler, the Symphonie No 4 Scenes of Faust de Goethe of Alexandre Lokchine and the Glückliche Fahr of Hans Eisler, can be regarded as very marked by the print of the poet on the myth of the Doctor Faust.

Contemporary adaptations

A German rock group did not hesitate to take for name Faust , in the Seventies. The German group Rammstein would have been respectively inspired for its songs Dalaï Lama and Rosenrot by the poems Erlkönig and Heidenröslein by Goethe. The group rock'n'roll Beelzebuben Ensemble left recently a disc/titled show Faust - Die Rockoper .

Pierre-Gerard Verny with as for him adapted Goethe in an opera jazz: Jazz Faust .

Judgments on Goethe

With the century

  • " Voilà nine weeks that I live with Goethe; since our hearts were linked little by little, imperceptibly and without the least effort, I live entirely in him. All the regards, and on some side that it is taken, it is the best human being, largest, most splendid that God never has crée." Wieland, 1776.
  • " I would be unhappy if I were to be often in the entourage of Goethe; even with regard to his most intimate friends, it does not have a moment of abandonment, does not offer any catch; really, I hold it for egoist with a rare degree. It has the talent to captivate the men, to stick them by attentions, large and small, but always there is arranged to remain itself out of reach. The men should not let grow among them a similar being. For this reason, I took it of hatred, although at the same time I like his spirit of all my heart and that I have the highest opinion of lui." Schiller, 1788.
  • " If, like man, it had not had for me the greatest value between all those which I ever personally knew, I would be satisfied to admire his genius by far. But I can say it, during the six years that I lived close to him, not only one moment his character did not disappoint me. Its nature is very veracity and honesty, with the direction most serious as regards Juste and good. For this reason the chatterers, the hypocrites and the sophists always were strong evil with their ease in his voisinage." Schiller, 1800.

With the century

  • " the air of the court likes Goethe too much, more than it is not appropriate for a poet. He does not take place to scoff the virtuosos, since the poets, who should be the guides of the nation, forget very for this clinquant." Beethoven .
  • " a man whom I admire but that I do not like " at all; , Chateaubriant
  • " I have with Goethe an embarrassment in all the conversation. What a pity that the mystical philosophy of Germany involved it! The abuse the analogy meets much at Goethe, and especially in its claims in chemistry and sciences exactes." Benjamin Constant, January 27th, 1804.
  • " Goethe is now the true lieutenant of the poetic Spirit on the ground. Goethe will be and must be exceeded - but only with the way in which the old ones can be exceeded, in contents and force, in diversity and in-depth. " Novalis .
  • " Goethe: the Orphée and the German Horace joined together in same a homme." Lamartine.
  • " the lack of charity and entrails was the constant character of Goethe. Its system of permanent neutrality degenerated with the age in mania. I do not know that no man, not even Alexandre, is descended to the tomb with a more intimate and more incurable satisfaction from his own divinity. Love, despair, fatherland, ground and skies, all that precisely had for him the value of a sonnet régulier." Edgar Quinet, 1836.
  • " the characteristic of Goethe was the extent, the universality even. Large naturalist and poet, he studies each object, and sees it at the same time in reality and the ideal; he studies it as an individual, and he raises it, he places it at his row in the general order of nature; and however, it breathes of it the perfume of poetry which any thing conceals in oneself. Goethe drew from the poetry of all; it was curious about tout." Holy-Beuve.
  • " Goethe is sometimes colossal, sometimes puerile; sometimes a proud genius, mocker, who mistake the world, sometimes a Philistine précautionneux, satisfied, étroit." Engels .
  • " the divine effort which is in all, occurs by the right ones, the scientists, the artists. Each one has its share. The duty of Goethe was to be egoistic for its work. is skeptic with the eyes of the scholastics: but that which is impassioned for all the flowers that it finds on its way and takes them for true and good with their manner, could not be confused with that which scornful past without leaning towards them. Goethe embraces the universe in the vast assertion of the love; the skeptic, has for any thing only narrow the négation." Renan .
  • " Goethe, the Master of all the modernes." spirits; Taine .
  • " Schiller can and must be imitated because it is the model of a kind. Goethe does not belong to any kind; it is an exceptional nature, formed of contrary qualities which will be can-êter réunies." never again; Grillparzer
  • "This man is a writer such as the last generations never saw the similar one; to believe in its existence, that I say, to imagine of it only the possibility is today already to show distinction… All that one can say moreover higher about written books it is necessary to say it its books: it contain a new time, announce it and the one new era beginning. They posed for humanity the first stone of a social monument; and we as see in them the broad outlines of an overall plan as the future centuries do not have any more but to widen, improving, réaliser" , Carlyle

With the century

  • " a solemn ass " , Paul Claudel
  • " Nothing more treacherously distorts the figure of Goethe than the serene image than one is done some commonly (in France at least). This kind of supreme happiness, where to be maintained impassive and smiling in an area inaccessible to the storms, is not his. Its spinozism does not go until seeking to withdraw itself from passions… On the contrary, it is given up initially with each one, knowing to inform itself some, and seeks to be delivered some only when it does not have anything any more to learn to him. Its goal, if it had another of them that to live as much as possible, it is culture, not happiness " , Andre Gide
  • " the world of Goethe passed. The world of Goethe is the completion of several millenia of the history of Occident… It is the world from where ours left, but of which ours is already at this distant point that Goethe appears closer to Homère than us " , Jaspers

Works

  • the green snake
  • Treated colors
  • the metamorphosis of the plants and other botanical writings , preceded by the introduction of Rudolf Steiner (1884), Editions Triads.
  • Sufferings of the young person Werther (1774)

Correspondence

  • Correspondence: Goethe, Carlyle (edition of Charles Eliot Norton; translation of Georges Khnopff). - Paris: Editions of the Pike perch, 2005. - 183 p., 22 cm. - ISBN 2-914958-22-6.
  • Claudia Schweizer, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe und Kaspar Maria von Sternberg , Münster 2004, ISBN 3-8258-7579-2

Poetries

  • Prométhée ( Prometheus ) (1774)
  • Songs of company (1776)
  • Ballades (1787)
  • the King of the Alders (1782)
  • the Sorcerer's apprentice
  • Roman Elegies (1788 - 1790)
  • Venetian Epigrams (1790)
  • Xeniae (1796) with Schiller
  • Die Braut von Korinth (1797)
  • Hermann and Dorothée (1798)
  • Achilléide
  • the Novel of Fox
  • the Westerner-Eastern Couch (1819)
  • Lieds (Songs)
  • Odes
  • Towards inspired by the sight of cranium of Schiller
  • Small pink

Novels

  • Sufferings of the young person Werther ( Die Leiden of the jungen Werther ) (1774);
  • Years of training of Wilhelm Meister ( Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre ) (1796);
  • Elective affinitieses ( Die Wahlverwandschaften ) (1809)
  • Years of Voyage of Wilhelm Meister (1826)

Theater

  • the capricious lover ( Die Laune of Verliebten );
  • Goetz de Berlichingen ( Götz von Berlichingen ) (1773)
  • Mahomet (1772-1773)
  • Clavigo (1774)
  • Stella (1776)
  • Iphigénie in Tauride (1779)
  • Egmont (1789)
  • Torquato Tasso
  • large Cophte (1790)
  • the General citizen (1793)
  • Revolted the (1793)
  • the Girl natural (1804)
  • Faust I (1808) and II (1832, posthumous)

Autobiography

  • Poetry and truth (1811 - 1833)

Others

  • Voyage in Switzerland and Italy
  • Countryside of France (1822)
  • Maxims and reflections (1833)
  • Talks with Goethe and Eckermann (the 1822 - 1833)
  • Talks with German emigrants - TALE (1795) - Novalis Editions, 1993
  • Treated colors (1808-1810) French translation of 304 pages, with the editions Triads, including/understanding 23 boards colors.

Various texts

  • Speech in the honor of Wieland
  • Importance of individual the
  • Kotzebue
  • On myself; fragments
  • friendly Proposal
  • Fréron
  • Of the taste
  • Palissot
  • Piron
  • Voltaire
  • On the Laocoon
  • Cène of Léonard de Vinci
  • Truth and probability in the works of art
  • Poetries of Jean Henri Voss
  • Germanic Poetries by literary J-P Hebel
  • Without-culottisme
  • On the German language
  • Translation of Lucrèce by Knebel
  • For the young poets
  • Still a word for the young poets

Quotation

“Wer fremde Sprache nicht kennt weiß nichts von seiner eigenen. ” (Which does not know foreign languages does not know anything of his.)

See too

Random links:Importance to be Constant | Joseph Fafard | Code list of country FIPS 10-4 | Charles Durand (cook) | Christian Charmetant