Jinyu

The Jin or Jin yu (), is a language of the family of the languages Chinese sino-Tibetans.

One formerly regarded it as related with the dialect Mandarin ganhua, but is regarded today as a variety of Chinese with whole share. He does not have a specific written form, the Baihua being consequently used.

History

The language of the province of Shanxi is, among the various dialects of the north of China, sufficiently specific to be qualifuié of language distinct from Mandarin by certain linguists. This specificity would be due to the relative geographical insulation of the province. It is primarily cosntituée of a plate surrounded by assembly lines. What could generate a lingusitic differentiation important compared to the dialects of the surrounding Mandarin.

Dialects

Jin can be distinguished in 9 various dialects:

Bingzhou (并州方言/並州方言 /Bìngzhōu fāngyán), spoken with the central Shanxi, of which Taiyuan
Lüliang (吕梁方言/呂梁方言 /Lǚliáng fāngyán), spoken in the east about the Shanxi and in north about the Shaanxi
Shangdang (上党方言/上黨方言 /Shàngdǎng fāngyán), spoken in south-east about the Shanxi
Wutai (五台方言/五台方言 /Wǔtái fāngyán), spoken in certain parts of the septentrional Shanxi and Inner Mongolia
Datong-Baotou (大同 - 包头方言/大同 - 包頭方言 /Dàtóng bāotóu fāngyán), spoken in certain parts of the septentrional Shanxi and in Inner Mongolia central
Zhangjiakou-Hohhot (张家口 - 呼和浩特方言/張家口 - 呼和浩特方言 /Zhāngjiākǒu Hūhéhàotè fāngyán), spoken in the North-West about the Hebei and in certain parts of the Inner Mongolia
Handan-Xinxiang (邯郸 - 新乡方言/邯鄲 - 新鄉方言 /Hándān Xīnxiāng fāngyán), spoken in south-east about the Shanxi, the southernmost Hebei and the septentrional Henan
Zhidan-Yanchuan (志丹 - 延川/志丹 - 延川 /Zhìdān Yánchuān)
Bayan-Nao' er (巴彦淖尔方言/巴彥淖爾方言 /Bāyàn Nào' ěr fāngyán)

Phonology

Contrary to many varieties of Mandarin, Jin uses the Glottal stop. This is in particular frequent in others Chinese Langues of the south of China. Jin also kept the Your of entry, which generally goes hand in hand with the Glottal stop.

Jin uses the very complex tonal Sandhi, where the tone changes when certain words are used within a sentence. The tonal sandhi of Jin is remarkable for two features among the Chinese languages:

the operation of the tonal sandhi depends on the grammatical structure of the put words units. Consequently, the change which affects a compound name-adjective can be different from those which affect a compound verb-adjective.
there is tons which has a given tonality when the words are deliveries alone, but which differently behave (and which is consequently differentiated) during the tonal sandhi.

Grammar

Jin employs easily prefixes such as 圪 /k əʔ/, 忽 /x əʔ/, and 入 /z əʔ/, in various derivative constructions . For example:
入鬼 " vagabonder" < 鬼 " spirit, diable"

Moreover, it exsite of many words of Jin which evolved/moved by transforming a monosyllabic word into bisyllabique. For example:

pəʔ ləŋ < 蹦 pəŋ " houblon"
tʰəʔ luɤ < 拖 tʰuɤ " ramasser"
kuəʔ it < 刮 kua " racler"
xəʔ lɒ̃ < 巷 xɒ̃ " rue"

A similar proocessus exists in Mandarin (for example 窟窿 kulong < 孔 kong), but it is particularly frequent in Jin.

Vocabulary

Certain dialects of Jin make in particular triple distinction on the level of the Démonstratif S. (French for example, has only one double distinction on this level: " ceci" and " cela").

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