Jesus de Nazareth

See also: Jesus (homonymy), Jesus de Nazareth (homonymy)

Jesus de Nazareth (birth dates supposed: between -8 and -2, dead supposed: between 29 and 36), called Jesus-Christ or Christ in the Christian tradition, grc Ιησούς Χριστός ( Iesous Khristos in Greek old) is the fundamental character of the Christianisme.

The name Jesus would come from the Hebrew Yéchoua (RTL He ישוע), which means “God is hello”, and Christ is the Greek translation of the Hebrew term “Messie” (RTL He משיח - machiakh), “that which is oint”). He is regarded by the Christian as the Messie and the son of God, the Moslems recognizing as for them only the aspect of Messiah and not that of sons of God; the Jews do not recognize any of these two characters. The Catholic S, the orthodoxe S celebrate it as being at the same time true man and true God, second nobody of the Holy Trinity. The European Churches Protestant S have various designs but, even when the formulation seems identical to that of dogmatic Christianities, it should be held account owing to the fact that the direction given to the expressions is not inevitably the same one.

It is due of the various roles in several Christian currents to the various Croyance S. Moreover, the Moslem regard it as the large last Prophète before Mahomet. Some Hindu S, the Mahâtmâ Gândhî, regard Jesus a avatâr Vishnou, and for much, as a saint man. As for the majority of the Jewish , they recognize it neither like Messie, nor like Prophète.

Approaches historical Jesus

The need for a historical and rational approach of Jesus appeared at the 18th century with Hermann Samuel Reimarus which wanted to find the true teaching of Jesus released from that of the apostles. At the 19th century, it there had many authors to write a “life of Jesus” with aiming of historical reconstitution, like that, celebrates, of Ernest Renan in France or of David Strauss in Germany.

As well as known as Pierre Geoltrain, “No one would not dare any more, nowadays, to write a life of Jesus as those which transfer the day at the 19th century. Imagination compensated then for the silence of the sources; one called upon a psychology of Jesus who was generally that of the author. The work of Albert Schweitzer on the history of the lives of Jesus put a term at this kind of project. As for the opposite company, as for the theses of the mythologists who, in front of the difficulties encountered by the historian, thought of very solving them by explaining the Gospels like a solar myth or a drama purely crowned symbolic system, it does not resist the analysis. The study of the Gospels makes it possible to say, not only that Jesus existed, but still much more. ”

Albert Schweitzer in his book History of research on the life of Jesus published in 1906 (ever translated into French), highlighted well that it is not possible to have a faithful representation of Jesus. Elements more complete available on its life are writings which are not reports rigorous of facts but of testimonys allotted to disciples which was written years after the events, which interpret them according to prophecies of the Old Testament and according to a eschatologic prospect , at one time when the concept of historical exactitude did not exist.

However the texts constitute valid sources of study with the proviso of subjecting them to criticism. The study of the first times of Christianity, the Interpretation of the Bible and other texts like the apocryphal books, constitute a discipline today to which contribute jointly of the researchers and the academics whatever their convictions and their religious membership.

Sources

Christian sources

New Testament

The New Testament indicates the whole of the writings considered as canonical by the majority of the Christian Churches. To reconstitute a life of Jesus by extracting from the texts various passages and episodes articulated in a chronological logic could not be comparable with a Biographie with historians qualities. Thus, the Interpretation historico-critical watch that each text evangelic has a precise message, different and even sometimes competitor from the others.

Gospels

The Gospels of Matthieu, Marc, Luc and Jean constitute the principal documentary sources concerning the life and the teaching of Jesus, whom they approach each one according to a particular prospect while following the same general outline and by transmitting same philosophy. They report:

made advertisement with Marie, (the Annunciation): “Do not fear, Marie; because you found grace in front of God. And here, you will become pregnant, and you will give birth to a son, and you will give him the name of Jesus” () and with Joseph (), to which it was promised in marriage, of the virginal Conception of the child “an angel of the Lord appeared to him in dream, and known as: Joseph, wire of David, do not fear to take with you Marie, your wife, because the child whom it designed comes from the Saint Spirit” ().

birth of Jesus with Bethlehem, (the Nativity): “In the town of David, he was born to you a Saver, who is Christ, the Lord. And here with which sign will recognize it to you: you will find a child emmailloté and lying in a crib” (). A Recensement had then been ordered by a edict of César Auguste. Marie, enclosure, and her Joseph husband, was constrained to leave Nazareth in Galileo to join the Judaea. Jesus would have been born during the reign from the king Hérode I {{er}} Large the, whereas Quirinius was governor of Syria. The birth of Jesus to Bethlehem, city where David was crowned, achieves thus the prophecy of Michée: “ And you, Bethléhem Éphrata (=la fertile) , small between the thousands of Juda, you will leave for me that which will dominate over Israel, and whose origin goes back to old times, at the days of eternity. ” ().

the Escape in Egypt of Joseph, his wife and the child, before the Massacre of the innocent (), and their return to Nazareth after the death of the king Hérode, in -4 ().

the Presentation with the Temple ().

the Baptism in the the Jordan by his/her cousin Jean-Baptiste (,). However, Jean does not speak about baptism and mentions a come from the Spirit (), in order to differentiate it from the baptisms " classiques" that it managed with the Jews.

public life. In Galileo, it set up a group of twelve disciples, the Apôtres, the first among of them being Simon-Pierre (,), with which Jesus announces that it names it Pierre and that it will build his church on this stone (it can act there of a word game: Petra , Latin word translated by " pierre" , also meaning " foi").

Thereafter, officially between the age of 30 and 33 years, Jesus went to Jerusalem to preach the Compassion (), the love of nearest the in the direction of the universal Fraternité (parabola of the Bon Samaritan (,): “You learned that it was known as: You will like your next, and you will haïras your enemy. But me, I say to you: Love your enemies” (). He asked the moral purity: “Whoever looks at a woman to covet it already made an adultery with it in its heart” (he is appropriate however to specify that, by the " term; adultère" , Jesus addresses to the married men: he does not condemn the carnal desire and the sex act as such), called to divide the Kingdom of God : “, You Come who are blessed of my Father; take possession of the Kingdom which was prepared to you as of the foundation of the world” () and was requested for the unit of its disciples: “That all are one, like you, Père, you are in me, and as I am in you, so that they also are one in us” (). He accommodated with benevolence the women and the children, them excluded, rejected from his time. He saved the life of a marked woman of adultery, without condemning it, but while asking him not to make sins more (). By this act, in contradiction with the Jewish religious laws then into force (cf Lapidation), Jesus locates the human life and his safeguarding above the laws and the religions. With
le Sermon on the mountain, it exalte those which have a spirit of poor, those which suffer, those which have the pure heart, which makes work of peace in their promising a place in the Kingdom of God after their death ().

Always according to the Gospels, Jesus cured patients (), disabled person ((; ), given again the life with several people, in particular her friend Lazare (it should be noted that its cures and its resurrections can result from a symbolic system: the Latin root of the word " ressusciter" , ressuscitare , meaning " réveiller"), accomplished of exorcisms (the method used by Jesus, aiming at forcing to it (S) demon (S) to reveal its name, is always of use by the priests exorcists) and carried help (the alleviated Storm). These miracles are generally presented like an effect of the faith of their recipients " déclenché" by Jesus, and not of an unspecified capacity: “All is possible with that which believes” (); they justify the assertion of a reality already present of the Kingdom of God (). Other times, Jesus gave itself in abundance (Miracle of the loaves and fishes in, to bring closer to).

God is for him a father liking and ready to forgive, in rupture with the god avenger of the Judaism: “If thus, malicious as you are it, you can give good things to your children, to how much stronger reason your Father who is in the skies will give it good things to those which require them of him” (). He taught the prayer: “When you request, known as: Father! That your name is sanctified; that your reign comes. Give us each day our bread daily; forgive us our sins, because we also we forgive with whoever offends us; and do not induce us in temptation” ().

Its preaching, which would have lasted two to three years, is opposed to the established order of the time, although stripped of political aimings (“ Rendez in César what is in César, and to God what is with God ” (). With Jerusalem, it drove out the merchants of the Temple () and fustigated the religious formalism and the moral hypocrisy of the Sadducéens and the Pharisiens (). As he said itself: “I came to throw a fire on the ground”, in order to mark his opposition to the opposition to progress of the things and to make evolve/move mentalities ().

the Transfiguration with the appearance of Brace and Élie, (): “Its face resplendit like the sun, and its clothing became white like the lights”, “a luminous cloud covered them. And here, a voice made hear cloud these words: This one is my beloved Son, in whom I put all my affection: listen to it! ”. (,).

the Cène, last meal with its disciples during which it instituted the Eucharistie: “While they ate, Jesus took bread and, after having returned graces, it broke it, and gave it to the disciples, while saying: Take, eat, this is my body. It took then a cut; and, after having returned graces, it gave it to them, while saying: Drink all because this is my blood, the blood of the alliance, which is widespread for several, for the remission of the sins” ().

After the treason of Judas, the arrest with the Mount of Olives (), and the appearance before the Sanhédrin which shows it Blasphème: the sovereign sacrificator questioned it again, and says to him: " Es you Christ, the Son of blessed God? Jesus answered: " I am it. And you will see the Son of man sitting to the right-hand side of the power of God, and coming on the clouds from the sky. " Then the sovereign sacrificator tore his clothing, and known as: " What do we still need witnesses? " ” (). Then the death sentence by the Roman prefect Pontius Pilate under the pressure of crowd: “ Pilate, indicator which it gained nothing, but that the tumult increased, took water, washed the hands in the presence of crowd, and known as: I am innocent blood of this Juste ” ().

the Passion, i.e. sufferings of Jesus and death on the cross with the Golgotha mount, outside Jerusalem: “The soldiers of the governor led Jesus in the court, and they assembled around him all the troop. They removed its clothing to him, and covered it with a scarlet coat. They braided a crown of spines, which they posed on its head, and they reflect a reed in the right hand to him; then, kneeling in front of him, they scoffed it, while saying: Hello, king of the Jews! And they spit against him, took the reed, and struck its head. After being itself thus made fun of him, they removed the coat to him, its clothing gave to him, and took it along for the crucifier. ” ().

the Resurrection noted in the morning of Easter by Marie-madeleine, Marie, mother of Jacques and Salome: “They entered the sepulchre, transfer an young man sitting on the right vêtu of a white dress, and they were terrified. He says to them: You do not terrify; you seek Jesus de Nazareth, who was crucifié; he is ressuscity, he is not here; here the place where it had been put” (,).

Several appearances with the disciples, then the Rise: “The Lord, after their having spoken, was removed with the sky, and he sat down with the right-hand side of God. And they were gone from there to preach everywhere. The Lord worked with them, and confirmed the word by the miracles which accompanied it” ().

Acts of the Apostles

The Acts of the Apostles recall the beginnings of the primitive Église starting from the Pentecost, fifty days after Easter.

Epistles

Epistles to Paul (where is the passage which constitutes the oldest mention of Christianity concerning the death and the resurrection of Jesus, and seven others Épître S, known as catholics (i.e. addressed at all the Christian communities), as well as the Apocalypse testify to the reflection of the first disciples on Jesus.

Other Christian sources

The agrapha , word meaning “not written things”, are words of Jesus which are not in the canonical texts. Some of them could be authentic. They come from alternatives of the Gospels (e.g. codex of Bèze, LLC 6,5: “The same day seeing somebody working during the day of the Sabbath, he says to him: man, if you know what you do, you are happy; but if you do not know it, you are cursed and transgressor of the law” cf TOB), of quotations of the Pères of the Church (e.g. “Ask large things and the small ones will be added to you”), of the Papyri d' Oxyrhynque (“That who today are far, tomorrow it will be close to you”: ), of the texts apocryphal books of the New Testament as the Gospel according to Thomas (“Happy the man who suffered; it found the life”) and the Évangile of Nazaréens.

the apocryphal books are very diverse in their style and their contents: accounts of childhood ( Protévangile of Jacques ), collection of logia ( Gospel according to Thomas ), descent into Hell ( Acts of Pilate ), harangues, accounts of miracles, etc

the textual Critical watch a documentary reliability and/or a seniority often quite higher of the canonical sources.

the writings of the apostolic Pères (Didachè, Epistle of Clement of Rome, Homélie of the 2nd century, Letters of Ignace d' Antioche, Letters of Polycarpe of Smyrna, Letter of the Church of Smyrna on the martyrdom of Polycarpe, Letter of Barnabe, Letter with Diognète, Fragments of Papias d' Hiérapolis, the Pasteur d' Hermas) are those whose authors, without to have known Jesus, lived at the time of the apostles. Those of the others Pères of the Church (Justin Martyr, Irenee of Lyon, Hippolyte of Rome, Origène, Clement of Alexandria, Tertullien, Cyprien de Carthage, Lactance, etc) go the 2nd century at the 5th century.

In the not-Christians authors

Flavius Josèphe

Gréco-Romans authors

In a letter with Trajan in 111 or 112, Pline the young person request with the emperor action to be taken with regard to the first Christians of Bithynie. it is written there that “they were assembled, up to date marked, before the rising of the sun; they sang in turn anthems with the praise of Christ, as in the honor of a god; they engaged by oath, not with some crime, but not to make flight, of armed robbery, of adultery, not to miss with their promise, not to deny a deposit; after that, they had habit to separate, and gathered again to eat common and innocent mets. ”

Towards 116, in its Yearly , the Roman historian Tacite reports the calling into question of the Christians at the time of the fire of Rome in 64: “But no human means, neither imperial generosities, nor expiatory ceremonies made conceal the public cry which showed Néron to have ordered the fire. To alleviate these rumors, it offered other culprits, and made suffer the tortures most refined with a class from men hated for their abominations and that the vulgar one called Christians. This name comes to them from Christ, who, under Tibère, was delivered to the torment by the procurator Pontius Pilate. Repressed one moment, this execrable superstition was overflowed again, not only in Judaea, where it had its source, but in Rome even, where all that the world locks up of infamies and horrors flows and finds partisans. One seizes initially those which acknowledged their sect; and, on their revelations, an infinity of others, which were much convinced of fire than of hatred for mankind. One made their torments an entertainment: the ones, covered with skins of animals, perished devoured by dogs; others died on crosses, or they were coated inflammable materials, and, when the day ceased shining, one burned them in place of torches. Néron lent its gardens for this spectacle, and gave at the same time plays to the Circus, where sometimes it was interfered with the people out of dress notching, and sometimes drove a tank. Also, though these men were guilty and had deserved the last rigors, the hearts opened with the compassion, by thinking that it was not with the public property, but with the cruelty of only one, that they were immolés. ”

In its Lives of the twelve Césars , towards 120, Suétone written: “city drove out the Jews which raised themselves unceasingly at the instigation of certain Chrestus”. This operation occurs in 50, approximately twenty years after the death of Jesus. “Christus” and “Chrestos” are two different words, one meaning “the oint” (nominating a devoted person), the other resulting in “the good” and acting as proper name sometimes. It should be noted that Suétone mentions the “Jews here” whereas it mentions the “Christians” in the book on the life of Néron: “delivered to the torments the Christians, race devoted to a new and guilty superstition. ”.

the satirical writer Lucien de Samosate, in the second part of the 2nd century, makes an allusion to the torment of Jesus, without naming it, in the Death of Pérégrinos : “that which one had adored in Palestine and which undergoes the Crucifixion over there, culprit, with the eyes of his similar, to have invented new mysteries for humanity. ” (§ 11) and “These Christian poor believe themselves immortal and think that eternity awaits them. They do not make fun badly of the torments and are thrown with courage in the arms of death. That which was their legislator the convainquit that all the men were brothers. Once converted, they put at the reject the gods Greeks, to venerate this sophist put in cross of which they follow to the letter the least precepts. ” (§ 13).

Talmud

the references to Jesus in the Talmud are not former to the 3rd century. It is there refers to certain Yeshu. Since the the Middle Ages, Yeshu or Yeshu Hanotsri (Nazaréen) is the Hebraic name of Jesus and the two characters were identified like identical. However, of the indices can let think that Yeshu of the Talmud does not have a relationship with the character of Jesus.
Le the most interesting text is the following (Talmud of Babylon, Sanhedrin 43a): “The tradition pays: the Passover day before, one hung Yeshu. A herald walked in front of him lasting forty days saying: he will be lapidated because he practiced the magic and misled and mislaid Israel. That those which know the means of defending it come and testify in its favor. But one found nobody who testified in his favor and thus it was hung the Passover day before. Ulla known as: - Do you Believe that Yeshu (in the later editions - Yeshu Hanotsri) was those which one seeks what can be to them with discharge? It was a seducer! and the Torah known as: you will not save it and you will not excuse it (Deutéronome 13,9)… A tradition pays: Yeshu had five disciples, Mattai, Naqi, Netser, Boni and Todah”.
Il is often referred to Ben Stada, as resulting from the adulterous union of Myriam and from a man called Pandera (to be brought closer to Celse, author of a true Discours against the Christians of the 2nd century but which is known for us only by the refutation that made of it Origène at the 3rd century: “The mother of Jesus was driven out by the carpenter who had asked it in marriage, to be convinced of adultery and to be become pregnant of works of a Roman soldier named Panthera. Separated from her husband, it gave rise to Jesus, bastard. The family being poor, Jesus was sent to seek work in Egypt; and when it was there, it acquired certain magic capacities there that the Egyptians praised themselves to have” (Origène, Against Celse , delivers I)). The text of Tossafot Shabbath 104, dating from the Middle Ages, draws aside this legend: “This Ben Stada was not Jesus de Nazareth, because we say here that Ben Stada lived at the time of Paphos Ben Yehudah, itself living of the time of Rabbi Aqiba”.

Deficiencies of testimonys

In the Latin authors

Pline Old the (23 - 79) does not blow word of Jesus nor of a Christian community of Jerusalem, whereas he visits Palestine thirty years after the supposed events and that he takes care to note the presence of the Essénien S;
even Persian silence at (34 - 62), at Martial (40 - 104), at Sénèque (- 4 - 65) although one manufactured of all parts a correspondence between this philosopher and St Paul;
No allusion in Philon of Alexandria (- 13 - 54), which wrote more than fifty treaties, of which an Era of Pilate, and whose philosophy of the Logos resembles to mistake there with that of the former Christians.

In the Jewish authors

According to the reading that in fact Photios at the 9th century, no mention of Jesus appeared in the Histoire of the Jews , text disappeared from Juste of Tibériade, military governor of Galileo and rival Jewish historian of Flavius Josèphe which severely criticizes it in its Autobiographie ;
In the judaïques Antiquités of Flavius Josèphe (38 - 94), the Jewish historian evokes as a Jesus “a wise man, if however it is allowed to call it a man”, who “was the Messiah”. There exists a debate today relating to this passage. Some consider that it is a Christian forgery there, that this Jew pharisee could not have written without “running at once to the baptism”. Origène (185 - 254) ensuring that Josèphe “did not show that Jesus is Christ”, the addition would thus have been carried out thereafter. More recent work on the Testimonium Flavianum and the Jewish design of the Messie suggests that Josèphe can of have had such a design;

Religious prospects

This section exposes the points of view of the principal religious currents which refer to Jesus .

Christianity

Catholicism, Orthodoxy, Protestantism

See also: Catholicism, orthodoxe Church, Anglicanism, reformed Churches, Évangélisme

The essence of the message that Jesus “addresses to each one , because he sees of each one in front of God, a person having a destiny and a value absolute”, is summarized in the Sermon on the mountain () and in the two commands:

“You will love the Lord, your God, of all your heart, all your heart, and all your thought. ” and “You will like your next like yourself”, was it an enemy ().

Beyond this double requirement of love of god and the next one, clarified well by the first epistle of Jean (), the first disciples attested the Résurrection of Jesus (who is not the re-establishment of the vital functions of the body), his rise with the sky, and saw there the realization of Messianic waiting of the Writings of the Old Testament.

The Évangile that they proclaimed (word which means “good news”) is that Jesus is alive, that he triumphed over the evil and death, that he came to bring safety to the men and that he is from now on with them for always (cf the bringing together made in with the name of “Emmanuel” of the text of Isaïe ()) :

“Go, made of all the nations of the disciples, baptizing them in the name of the Father, of the Son and the Saint Spirit, and teach to them to observe all that I prescribed you. And here, I am with you the every day, until the end of the world. ” ()

The christologic reflection of the disciples after Easter and the Pentecost had continued to develop. It led to include/understand and proclaim what had been expressed already by the apostle Thomas saying to Jesus “My Lord and my God! ” (), and which is it also in several other passages of the New Testament, in particular of Paul: the divinity of Christ:

“the Christ, who is above all things, God blessed eternally” (); “Because in him all the plenitude of the divinity lives corporally” (). The Apocalypse takes again for him the divine titles of the Old Testament (; ).

It is in particular marked in the anthem which constitutes the prolog of the Évangile according to Jean:

“At the beginning was the Verb, and the Verb was close to God, and the Verb was God. ” ().

By the Incarnation, Jesus-Christ, at the same time Sons of God and sons of man , is the mediator between God, recognized in a formal way like trinitaire after the first council of Nicée, and creation.

In particular, the Catholic church teaches the transsubstantiation since the Concile of Thirty and believes of it in the real presence of Jesus in the species of the Blessed Sacrament. These doctrines lead towards the eucharistic Adoration. The other Christian churches developed various eucharistic theologies. The Lutherans, in particular, lengthily taught the Consubstantiation. At Ulrich Zwingli, the community revêt the real presence and incarnates the eucharistie.

Church of Jesus-Christ of the Saints of the Last Days (or mormonism)

For the Holy of the last days, Jesus-Christ is First-born spirits generated by the Father (He 1:6; D&A 93:21). He is the Only son of the Father in the flesh (Jn 1:14; 3:16). He is Jéhovah and was predetermined with this great call before the creation of world (D&A 110:3 - 4). Under the direction of the Father, it created the ground and all that is there (Jn 1:3, 14; Brace 1:31 - 33). It was born from Marie to Bethléhem, carried out a life without sin and achieves the perfect Expiation sins of all humanity by pouring its blood and by giving its life on the cross (MT 2:1; 1 Néphi 11:13 - 33; 3 Néphi 27:13 - 16; D&A 76:40 - 42). It ressuscita of deaths, thus guaranteeing the final resurrection of all humanity. By its atonement and its resurrection, those which repent their sins and obey the commands of God can live eternally with Jesus and the Father (2 Néphi 9:10 - 12; 21-22; D&A 76:50 - 53, 62).

Jesus is more the great person who ever came in the world. Its life is the perfect example in the way in which all humanity must live. All the prayers, blessings and ordinances of the priesthood must be done on its behalf. He is the Lord of the lords, the King of the kings, the Creator, the Saver and God of all the ground.

Jesus-Christ will return with power and glory to reign on the ground during the Millénium. At the last day, he will judge all humanity (Alma 11:40 - 41; JS-Matthieu 24: 1).

That Jesus-Christ is God as well as the Father is affirmed by the Livre of Mormon (1 Néphi 19:10; 2 Néphi 6:17; Mosiah 5:15; 15:1). In spring 1820, the Father and the Son appeared with Joseph Smith. This demonstration is called the First Vision.

Witnesses of Jéhovah

See also: Pilot of Jéhovah, Unitarianism (theology)

For the Pilot of Jéhovah, Jesus is the Son of God, Jéhovah, the first of his works, king of the Kingdom of God, but not God himself. He is his Son the first generated by the Father. Jesus is also identified with the archangel Michel mentioned in the Livre of Daniel and the Apocalypse of Jean.

They inherited their unitarianism an adventist current personified by Georges Storr, friend and inspirer of their founder Charles Taze Russell

Islam

Other business

The name of Jesus and titles christologic

Etymology

Jesus , in Greek grc Ιησους Ièsous , comes from Yehoshuah or Yeshoua (Hebrew: RTL He יהושע) which means: “Yahvé saves”, just as Josué . It is about a first name running in Palestine of the time. It is attested for the author of the Siracide , delivers wisdom of the Bible, the son of Éliézer in the Évangile according to Luc (), Barabbas, the war leader released by Pontius Pilate according to certain versions of the Évangile according to Matthieu, a collaborator of Paul. Flavius Josèphe quotes several named individuals Jesus.

Titles christologic

Jesus is named multiple ways in the New Testament, each qualifier expressing an aspect of his personality and what its disciples perceived: Rabbi , or the equivalent araméen Rabbouni , which was the name of the doctors of the law, Maître within the meaning of teacher, Prophète , Serviteur , Juste , Saint , Fils of David , already employed for characters of the Old Testament, King of the Jews , placed on the cross by Pontius Pilate (), Grand priest , judge , Pasteur , Rédempteur , Sauveur .

Sons of man . This expression is in the Hebraic literature (; ) to mean in a emphatic way “man”. In the Gospels, it is employed only by Jesus. It can be only one Semitic manner to indicate itself (interesting because it makes it possible to apprehend what Jesus really said of itself), but can also be included/understood in reference to the vision of the Livre of Daniel (, where it applies to that with which is given the Kingdom: thus in ().

Sons of God , sometimes Wire only, is to be put in relation to the way in which Jesus addresses himself to God, i.e. by calling it Abba , “Father” (it is about a word araméen of the familiar language). The divine filiation, which concerns all the men (at the time of Jesus, the philosopher Philon of Alexandria indicates by Sons of God very Jewish achieving perfectly the mitsvoth (sg: mitsvah , rule of law). Sons of God appointed the king before when it goes up on the throne (See Psalm 22 known as Crowning : “you are my son, today I generated you”). The Sermon on the Mountain indicates: “Happy craftsmen of peace, because they will be called sons of God. ”), was included/understood in the particular direction of Only sons () in the accounts of the Baptême () and the Transfiguration () and also by Paul ().

Christ , of the Greek grc Χριστος, is the translation of RTL He משיח, machiakh , “Messiah” and means “that which received oiling” as it was the case for the kings and the large priests of Israel. Thus, in the Old Testament, Cyrus is indicated by the Messie term to have helped with the rebuilding of the temple. It designates the saver awaited by the Jews, which is the amplification of an ideal royalty. This amplification occurs to the VI E under the reign of the king Josias or shortly after. In the new Will, it will tend to be used like a proper name in the Épître S catholics and pauliniennes. Lord , grc Κυριος, Kurios , is employed to indicate God, as in the Seventy where it translates tétragramme RTL He יהוה, YHWH , (e.g., quotation of; who begins again) like Jesus (). It has the direction of “Master”, that which, in Antiquity, had a good legally, that it is a thing, an animal or a man. Araméen RTL arc מרא, will mara , with the same significance and is found in the expression Marana tha , “Lord, come! ”.

Verb , in Greek grc Λογος, Logos , of a word meaning word, reason, intelligence, in the prolog of the Gospel according to Jean, indicates the creative principle of any thing (). This logos is identified in Sophia or wisdom of God at Philon of Alexandria Jesus is also called there the light of the world . The New Testament, employs the word grc Θεος, Théos , God , parallel to the word grc Κυριος, “Lord”, (), that it also applies to Jesus (; ; ).

Names Nazarénien and Nazôréen

Historians think that Jesus, being known under the name of “ Jesus de Nazareth ”, could be born with Nazareth, in Greek grc Ναζαρα, grc Ναζαρεθ or grc Ναζαρετ, but the canonical Évangiles and the tradition of the Église ensure that it was born with Bethlehem, prestigious city of David.

The “ Nazarénien ” (in Greek grc Ναζαρηνος, Nazarenos ) is the man of the village of Nazareth (e.g.). In the Gospels, Jesus is also designated like Ναζωραιος, Nazôraios “ Nazôréen ” (e.g.). This term was rappoché of Hebrew RTL He נזיר, nazîr , “total abstainer, hermit”, who designates a man related to God by a particular promise (Livre of the Numbers, CH. 6,1-21). A derivation of RTL He נצר, neser , “descendant, kid” is less convincing. “Nazôréens” designated the Christians; a passage of the Acts of the Apostles reports that the Tertulle lawyer shows the apostle Paul in these terms: “We found this man, who is a plague, which excites divisions among all the Jews of the world, which is chief of the sect of Nazaréens. ” (). According to B. Gärtner, this denomination would not be to bring closer to the words evoked previously but, to nesûrîm , “saved” or “survivors” of Israel, which is in the Livre of Isaïe (); “saved” finds itself in.
Le term would have been used by the emperor Julien on his bed of death to designate Jesus: “You gained, Nazaréen! ” (Julien had tried to restore, after Constantin, the worship of the former Roman gods).

“Brothers and sisters” of Jesus

Miracles in the Gospels

Quotations

“I am the way, the truth and the life null comes to the Father only by me. ”, ().

“Another, among the disciples, says to him: " Lord, allow me to initially go to bury my père." But Jesus answered him: " Am, and lets deaths to me bury their morts." ” (Gospel of Matthieu)

“you do not astonish, my brothers, if the world hates you. We, we know that we passed from died to the life, because we love our brothers. That which does not like remains in death. Whoever hates his/her brother is a murderer, and you know that no murderer with the eternal life remaining in him. ” (First Epistle of Jean)

“Because there is only one God and also only one mediator between God and the men, Jesus-Christ man who gave itself in ransom for all. ”, holy Paul ().

“We have, by the faith as a Jesus-Christ, freedom to approach us God with confidence. ”, holy Paul ().

“Jesus-Christ is the center of all, and drank it towards which all things tend. ”, Blaise Pascal.

“" The first will be the derniers." Jesus does not destroy the social pyramid, but it reverses the order of the values of it, placing it so to speak the point in bottom. It is in the sense that he is revolutionist. ” Jean Guitton

Relic S

The relics must be considered with more the greatest caution from the point of view of their authenticity. If the public rumor said that “By gathering the various pieces of the True Cross honoured in the world, one could rebuild Noah's Ark”, Peter Brown shows the commercial origin of the relics in the Company and Crowned in late Antiquity , ISBN-10: 2020622831, while other authors showed the rise of this trade according to an Orient way towards Occident starting from the Croisade S.

Relating to the Passion of Jesus:

*le Holy Chalice, cut used at the time of the Cène and often comparable to the saint Graal in the Western literature, whose relic is preserved today in the Cathédrale of Valence, in Spain

*les Saintes Tears

*la Sainte Face (Voile of Veronique), fabric used by holy Veronique to wipe the blood which recovered the face of Jesus at the time of his rise to the Calvaire

*la Sainte Tunic, that Jesus carried at the time of his Passion and that one withdrew to him before his crucifixion

*les Sandals of Christ of Prüm

*la Holy Sponge, which, soaked with vinaigrée water, were proposed in Jesus on the cross

*la Sainte Lance of the soldier who bored the side of Christ whereas it was on the cross

*le Saint Blood

*le Holy Shroud, linen which was used to cover the body of Jesus when it was put at the tomb, and whose most famous specimen is the Linceul of Turin

*la Couronne of spines

*les pieces of the Vraie Cross

*le Saint preserved Bit with Carpentras (France), which would have been forged starting from the nails having been used for crucifier Jesus

Others:

*le Holy Umbilical point

*le Holy Foreskin

*les Present of the Magi preserved at the Mount Athos

See also:

Artistic representation

The Catholic church authorizing the representations of Christ, this one was the object of an incalculable number of figurations in the form of portraits, tables putting in scene its life, of sculptures, engravings, stained glasses, etc In Western art, the character of Jesus is certainly that which was the subject of the greatest number of representations. One of the most current figurations is that of the Christ in cross, at the time of its passion. All these representations concern artistic creation, no image contemporary with Christ having arrived us. Some images achéiropoiètes (“not made hand of man”) claim to represent the true face of Jesus. In spite of the diversity of the artists and times, they refer all some common. In fact, the representations of Jesus obeyed gun S artistic precise, based on the tradition and the oldest known representations: Jesus is introduced like a man of white race, of intermediate size, rather mean, with the dye chechmate and the brown, long hair; he has a beard. Its head is often surrounded by a luminous or gilded circle, called haloes, which appears its holiness. The expression of the eyes is the object of an special attention of the artists. In the same way the position of its hands often has a religious significance. The Catholic church having expressed the wish that the life of Jesus can be included/understood by all, it is not rare to find in Africa of the figurations of Christ as a man of black race, or South America of the representations of its life with local clothing. This phenomenon is old, since the artists of the Renaissance represented already Jesus surrounded characters equipped according to the fashion of their century (see the group of people on the right on the table of FRA Angelico, Deposition).

With the Middle Ages the visual representations had an educational function: by putting in scene the life of Jesus-Christ, one diffused the Christian culture with people generally not knowing to read, and not having in any event access to the books, including with the holy books such as the Bible. Certain scenes carved on the Breton Martyrdom S , like that of the vault of Tronoën for example, are true summaries of the life of Jesus. In the same way, any Catholic church is equipped with a Chemin of cross which appears in 14 stages, called " stations" , various moments of the Passion of Christ, since her judgment until its setting with the tomb. Generally distributed on the circumferences of the nave, these stages are generally represented by tables or small sculptures; for simplest it is only about one cross accompanied by the number by the station. Until recently in all the catholic houses, the principal parts and the rooms were equipped with a Christ in cross, generally hung on the wall above the access at piece-rates.

The orthodoxe ones accept the representation of Christ in two dimensions. The most current representation is that of the icons.

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