Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau

Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau , or Armand de Quatrefages , is a biologist, zoologist and anthropologist French, born the February 6th 1810 in the hamlet of Berthézène (commune of Valleraugue in the Gard) and dead the January 12th 1892 with Paris.

Biography

It starts to be interested in the Physique and obtains a doctorate are science in 1829 with the faculty of Strasbourg with a thesis relating to Balistique, Théorie of a blow of gun . In 1832, new doctorate, this time in Medicine always in Strasbourg. Its thesis poses on the Extraversion of the bladder . One of its Masters is not other than Georges Louis Duvernoy (1777-1855), former collaborator of Georges Cuvier (1769-1832).

He teaches the Zoologie with the Faculty of Science of Toulouse starting from 1838, but leaves his station little time afterwards. He goes then to Paris and meets Henri Milne-Edwards (1800-1885) which becomes its employer and his friend. Two years later, it passes a third doctorate in Natural history. This time, its thesis appears two years later under the title of Thèse on the zoological characters of the rodents and their teeth in particular . It is the beginning of its interest for the zoology and he works in particular on the Invertébré S sailors. He thus makes appear, in 1844, Of the organization of the animals without vertebrae of the Coasts of the English Channel .

It is interested particularly in the anatomy of the annélides and makes appear its Recherches on the nervous system, the embryogénie, the bodies of the directions, and the circulation of the annélides (of 1844 to 1850) and On affinities and the analogies of the lombrics and the leeches . The practical interest of its research is never forgotten, this is why it is interested in these Mollusque S Bivalve S causing of immense damage to the boats out of wooden, the Taret S: On the natural history of the tarets (1848-1849).

He teaches initially with the college Napoleon before being elected member of the Academy of Science in 1852 and occupying, in 1855, the pulpit of Anthropologie and Ethnographie to the national Muséum of natural history of Paris while continuing his investigations in the field of the zoology, in particular on the Silkworm. In 1853, it details its explorations of the coasts Normans and Breton in the Souvenirs of a naturalist .

It is also interested in the question of the acclimatization of exotic animals like to the problems of Pisciculture and publishes on this last subject Études on the artificial inseminations of eggs of fish in 1854.

It makes appear in 1861 its famous book on the unit of the mankind, first work of long series in anthropology. In 1867, it publishes a report on the situation of anthropological research in France.

In 1870, it studies the work of Charles Darwin (1809-1882) and of its French precursors, as well as the theory lamarck ienne on the transformism. In 1877, it publishes the Mankind and defines in particular the “race of Cro-Magnon”. He is elected foreign member of the Royal Society off London in June 1879, and member of the Académie of medicine.

In 1887, it makes appear its Introduction to the study of the human races then in 1892 a new work on the Darwinism entitled the Followers of Darwin . He is opposed to the theories relating to the evolution and creates for the human being a separate reign. Because more than the evolution as such, it is its application to the mankind which it fights.

If the zoological work of Quatrefages is particularly important and relevant, its theories in ethnology are completely forgotten today. Its Crania Ethnica (1875-1882), which it signs with Ernest Hamy (1842-1908), related to the shape of craniums of the human beings.

List partial of the publications

Considerations on the zoological characters of the rodents (1840)
Of the organization of the animals without vertebrae of the Coasts of the English Channel (Ann. Sc Nat., 1844)
Research on the nervous system, the embryognie, bodies of the directions, and the circulation of the annélides (ibid, 1844-50)
On affinities and the analogies of the lombrics and the leeches (ibid)
On the natural history of the tarets (ibid, 1848-49)
compared Physiology, metamorphoses of the man and the animals (1862)
Polynesians and their migrations (1866)
Natural history of Ringed marine and fresh water (2 flights., 1866)
La Rochelle and its surroundings (1866)
Report/ratio on progress of anthropology (1867)
Charles French Darwin and his precursors (1870), a study of the evolution in which the author adopts the same attitude as Alfred Russel Wallace and fights the application to the man of the doctrines darwinienne
the Prussian Race (1871)
Crania Ethnica , with Dr. Hamy (2 volumes, 100 boards, 1875-82), a work based on French and foreign data anthropological, similar to the Crania of Thurnam and Davis, and with " " Crania Americana and Crania Aegyptiaca of S.G. Morton.

the Mankind (1877)

New studies on the geographical distribution of Négritos (1882)

fossil Men and wild men (1884)

general History of the human races (2 flights., 1886-89), the first volume is an introduction, while the second tries a complete classification of the races.

Pygmies: With 31 fig. intercalated in the text; Pygmies of old according to modern science; Asian negritos or Pygmies; African Négrilles or Pygmies; Hottentots and Boschismans (1887)

External bond

Biography, portrait and facsimiles of texts of Armand de Quatrefages

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