Jean Kalojan
Jean Kalojan (in Bulgarian Калоян , in Rumanian Ioniţă Caloian ) (born in 1170, assassinated in 1207) was Tsar Bulgaria between 1197 and 1207.
Its name comes from the Greek Kaloioannis (beautiful Jean) and its first name of baptism became its name with this epithet.
Life and reign
Brother of Ivan and Pierre Asen, founders of the Dynasty of Asénides, it is sent hostage to Constantinople, from where it has escaped and made his return in Bulgaria about 1189. After the assassination of Ivan Asen I, it joined his Pierre brother like Co-tsar of the country, and after the death of Pierre in 1197, he became the only sovereign.
He has continues the aggressive policy towards Byzantie, has such point, which he entered in union with Ivanko, the assassin of Ivan Asen, which was rewarded by the Byzantines with the station for governor for Philippopolis (Plovdiv).
In 1199, the Pape Innocent III invited it to join the Bulgarian Church with the Catholic church. Kalojan answers this demand for 1202, by requiring the title Tsar (Empereur) for him and patriarch for the archbishop of the Bulgarian Church. The pope, who did not want to make such concession, sent a cardinal, who gave to Kalojan the title rex Bulgarorum and Blachorum (king of the Bulgares and the Vlahi). Dissatisfied, Kalojan answers while thanking for the title for emperor. However, the basileus Alexis III Angel recognizes it like tsar and promises to him to recognize the archbishop of the Bulgarian Church for patriarch.
In 1204, the Fourth crusade leads to the catch of Constantinople by the crusaders and to the foundation of the Latin Empire of the East. Baudouin VI of Hainaut becomes the emperor about it, and decides to conquer old the grounds of the Empire Byzantine, including Bulgaria. The crystallized one which approached was awaited by the Byzantine aristocracy in Thrace, dissatisfied with the crusaders, who offers his tender to Kalojan. April 14th, 1205, the army of Kalojan surprises the Latin cavalry in the north of Adrianople and successfully fights the army of the Fourth crusade. The Baudouin emperor is captured, Louis Ier, count de killed Blois, the Doge de Venise Enrico Dandolo, which survives the battle, carried out the surviving parts of the army moving precipitated towards Constantinople, during which he died of exhaustion. ( Baudouin, which is imprisoned with the Bulgarian capital of Veliko Tarnovo, died or carried out towards 1205 ) In the same countryside, Kalojan conquers Serres and Philippopolis, and also most of the Latin territories in Thrace and Macedonia.
Died
Kalojan is killed during the seat of Thessalonique, by the commander of the Coumans, Manastar.
Family
It has two children:- Bithleem,
- Marie, Latin empress who marries in 1209 Henri Ier de Hainaut, Latin emperor of Constantinople.
Tsar of Bulgarian and Vlahi
In the Latin sources, it is mentioned as king of the (omnium) atque Bulgarorum Blachorum “(all) the Bulgarian ones and Valaques”. Certain Latin sources speak only about the “Lord of the Wallachians” ((Blachorum domino). The modern direction of these term is very disputed, but it appears that its power was spread out over more than one people. The pope Innocent III speaks to him like descendant about the tsars about the First empire Bulgarian and at the same time going down from the nobility of Rome. The two assertions are probably of the pure fiction, but are accepted and taken again by Kalojan.
Source of the text
This article is an incomplete translation of the article in Wikipédia English, Kaloyan off Bulgaria.
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