Jean-Antoine Chaptal , count of Chanteloup born the June 3rd 1756, with Nojaret (Lozere) and dead the July 30th 1832 with Paris, is a Chimiste and politician French.

Biography

Chaptal makes studies of medicine to Montpellier until in 1777 before going to Paris to study chemistry. Its fame is especially due to the applications which it made of chemistry in industry, in particular with the improvement of the production of the Hydrochloric acid . It gives its name to the Chaptalisation, proceeded making it possible to increase by sugaring the alcoholic strength of the wines.

It returns to Montpellier in 1780 to occupy the pulpit of university chemistry there. In fact especially the industrial applications of the science interest it; a rich person marriage and a large heritage having put it at the head of a small fortune, it employs it to build workshops to try out its discoveries there. It creates a factory of chemicals which makes it soon know in all the Europe, and as of 1786 receives Louis XVI titles of nobility.

A very great importance must be allotted to its application of the formula of Lavoisier on the transformation of sugar into alcohol: one can consider this application of the capital formula of enology constitutes the birth certificate of the modern chemistry of the wine. Chaptal had developed its doctrines on the Vinification as of 1799 during the drafting of the article “Vin” of the Dictionnaire of agriculture of François Rozier. Immediately, the owners of vineyards seize its work and of the scientists such as Cadet by Be worth and Jean-Louis Roard publishes these new doctrines with their own observations. Extremely of all the information which those provide him which adopted its principles, Chaptal develops its subject in its treaty of 1807 which revolutionized the art of the wine making.

In 1793, it directs to Paris the powder factory of war of Grenelle. He teaches vegetable chemistry with the Polytechnic school and becomes member of the Academy of Science in 1796. January 21st 1801, Napoleon Bonaparte names it Minister of Interior Department. Chaptal is at the origin of a complete reorganization of the state education and in particular of the creation of the school of midwives of the Old people's home of the maternity of Paris in 1802. One owes with his administration the Arrêté Chaptal, which is the founding document of the museums of province French. He resigns in 1804 when Bonaparte is made proclaim emperor, in order to devote himself to his scientific work. He is received with the Académie of Rouen on July 27th 1803.

He is named senator in 1805 and becomes Pair of France under the Restauration in 1819. In 1823, ruined by the debts of his/her son, it must sell his Château of Chanteloup, acquired in 1802, and it dies in poverty in 1832.

Chaptal did not make any first order discovery, but it propagated the study of chemistry by its lessons and its writings. One owes him the artificial manufacture of the Alun, of the Salpêtre, cements imitating those of Pouzzolane, bleaching with the vapor, art to dye cotton in red of Andrinople. It was one of the founders of the Company of encouragement for national industry and its first president until his death.

Works

• Elements of chemistry (3 flights., 1790; new ED., 1796 - 1803)
• Treated salpétre and tar (1796)
• Table of principal earthy salts (1798)
• Test on the improvement of chemical arts in France (1800)
• Art to make, control and improve the wines (Printing works of Going, 1 vol., 1801; new ED., 1819).
• Treated theoretical and practical on the culture of the vine, with art to make the wine, brandies, spirit of wine, vinegars simple and composed (Paris, Delalain wire, Printing works of Going, 2 vol., 1801; Paris, Lenoir, year X (1801); 2 volumes; new ED., 1811) in collaboration with François Rozier, Antoine Parmentier, and Dussieux. This collection contains the fundamental texts of the Viticulture and the modern enology. Rozier teaches art there to cultivate the vine, Dussieux adds notes and new observations, Chaptal delivers here the first of its treaties on the wine. It is entitled Essai on the wine . This work will be supplemented, the same year by Art to make, control and improve the wines . Another treaty of Rozier on distillation and another, of Parmentier follows, on the vinegars. One can say that the publication of this work made change face viticultural industry.
• Test on bleaching (1801)
• the chemistry applied to arts (4 vol., 1806)
• Art to make the wine . Paris, Deterville, (1807). 2nd edition very increased compared to the edition of 1801.
• Art of the painting of cotton in red (1807)
• Art of the peinturier and the grease remover (1800)
• Of French industry (2 vol., 1819)
• Trattato teoricopratico sulla will cultura beyond quickly idiot the arte di fare it vino, the acqua-vite, lo spirito di vino, E gli aceti semplici E composti… Opera tradotta sulla assisted edizione francese… Firenze, Piatti, 1812-1813; 3 volumes. Translation in Italian of the edition of 1801.
• Chemistry applied to agriculture (2 flights., Paris, Huzard, 1823; new ED., 1829). It is the last work published by this large chemist. In this treaty which will be reprinted and will become one of traditional of the Agronomie, it applies for the first time the many chemical discoveries to scientific and technical, but so practical agriculture. Important considerations on the composition of the grounds, the air, heat, the role of water, the influence of electricity on the vegetation, the role of the light and the temperature; notes on alcoholic liquors, on.

Homages

• Three French establishments bear its name: the College Chaptal of Paris, the Chaptal College of Mende (near to its village of birth) and the College Chaptal de Saint Brieuc (Coasts of Armor).
• It belongs to the erudite soixante-douze whose name is registered on the lathe Eiffel.

Note

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