Jawaharlal Nehru (जवाहरलालनेहरू in Hindi), born the November 14th 1889 and dead the May 27th 1964, known also under the name of Pandit Nehru , was one of the figureheads of the fight for the independence of India and the Parti the Congress before becoming the 1st Prime Minister for the India the August 15th 1947. He is the father of Indira Gandhi, first woman to occupy the post of Prime Minister in India, woman of Feroze Gandhi without the least bond with Mohandas Gandhi.

Life and course

Jawaharlal Nehru is resulting from a family of Brahmane S Hindu S originating in the Cachemire. Wire of Motilal Nehru, an important leader of the party of the Congress, Nehru receives an education with Western and studies with the the United Kingdom, the college of Harrow and the university of Cambridge, where it is subject to the influence of the current resulting from the Fabian Society. Lawyer in 1912, it is registered as of its return in India to the party of the Congress and takes part in the fight for independence. In 1916, it becomes acquainted with Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and becomes one of his/her closest collaborators. Deep dissensions separate nevertheless the two men: Gandhi remaining more traditionalist with a will of autonomisation of the Indian people, atheistic Nehru, more “modernistic” and , dreaming of deep reforms and integration of India in the “concert of the nations” , from where its desire of integration of the industrial and capitalist model English, moderated by its options for the Socialism.

Become general secretary of the party of the Congress, Nehru gives to the movement an international audience.
Plusieurs time imprisoned by the British (between 1920 and 1945, it spends ten years in prison), it supports nevertheless the effort of war combined during the Second world war, in exchange of a promise of the independence of India at the end of the conflict.

Chief of the temporary government charged to prepare independence in 1946, just like Gandhi, it cannot prevent the conflict with the future Pakistan in 1947. He becomes Prime Minister as from August 1947, and after the assassination of Gandhi in 1948, he is the uncontested chief of Indian nationalism. If it ensures the Indian Union a remarkable political stability, it fails however in its efforts against misery and the underdevelopment. Savage adversary of colonialism, it was, with Nasser and Tito, at the origin of the movement of non-aligned with the Conférence of Bandung in 1955.

The economic policy of Nehru

Nehru carried a great admiration to the system of the Five-year plan of the Soviet Union and tried to set up in India a similar organization. Its desire was to bring to its country the combined benefits of the Socialisme and the Capitalisme by creating a democratic socialism there. However, beside undeniable successes, that generated a complex and slow administration, and large a Corruption from which India still suffers. A relative economic stagnation was one of the causes of the fall of the party of the Congress and the accession to the capacity of the Hindu nationalist parties.

It is into 1956 that Nehru launched to India the Green revolution thus saving its country of the famine which threatened it although India has, at this time almost finished its demographic Transition there, not without environmental impacts and socio-economic related to an industrialization, at least locally of agriculture.

End-of-life

After having led the Congress to the victory with the elections of 1957 elections, its government made the object of many criticisms and attacks. Disillusioned by corruption and the internal quarrels with the party, Nehru thought of resigning but finally continued to take up its duties. The election of his/her daughter Indira Gandhi as president of the congress of 1959 awoke the criticism of Népotisme.
Although the Pancha Sila (preaching the five principles of the peaceful coexistence) was the base of the treaty Sino-Indian of 1954 in connection with the Tibet, the foreign politics of Nehru suffered from an aggravation of antagonism Sino-Indian when Nehru decided to grant the asylum of India to the Dalaï Lama. After the failure of years of negotiations, Nehru in 1961 authorized the Indian army to annex Goa (Portuguese enclave). This fact increased the popularity of Nehru, but it was criticized to have retained the action militaire.
To the elections of 1962, Nehru again led the congress to the victory, but with a majority decreased with the profit of the opposition parties extending from the Bharatiya of right-hand side (Jana Sangh) to the party of Swatantra (socialist and Communist party of India).
Une Chinese invasion of India of the North-East by the Chinese forces showed the military impotence of India vis-a-vis its powerful Chinese neighbor, exacerbating criticisms with respect to Nehru which was forced to dismiss its Minister for defense Krishna Menon, and to accept the military aid of the USA. The health of Nehru was then degraded, obliging it with a convalescence of several months to the Cashmere in 1963. On its return in May 1964, Nehru is again sick, then victim of an heart attack.
Il dies early the morning of May 27th, 1964. It will be incinerated according to Hindu rites on the banks of the Yamuna river. Ceremony, as it was the case with died of Gandhi made come from the hundreds of thousands of Indians in mourning, gathered in the streets of Delhi for all those which could not approach the place of incineration any more.

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