Japonism
The japonism is the influence of the Japanese Art on the artists, firstly French, then Western. The art which resulted from this influence is described as japonesque .
While the American intellectuals regard the Japanese prints as a vulgar form of art, the Ukiyo-e becomes a new source of inspiration for the European impressionist painters and the artists cubists. It is in a series of articles published in 1872 for review the literary and artistic Renaissance , that the collector Philippe Burty gives a name to this revolution: japonism.
History
The japonism starts with the collectors of Japanese art, which expose works that it have. The first specimens of prints in Europe are shown with Paris. In 1856, Felix Bracquemond becomes the first European artist to copy works Japan eases. It chooses a work of Hokusai. Consequently, Japanese art starts to be appreciated with large scales. Collectors, and artistic critics undertake voyages to Japan in the years 1870 and 1880 and contribute to the diffusion of Japanese works in Europe, and more particularly in France, so much and so that the World Fair of Paris in 1878 presents a good number of Japanese works of the collections Bing, Burty and Guimet in particular. The novel of Pierre Parcelled out Mrs Chrysanthème published in 1887, does nothing but accentuate and popularize this fashion of the japonism. With the Parisian World Fairs of 1889 and 1900, Japan is very present at the same time by architecture, the prints and by the ceramic production. Japanese works enter the collections of the Musée of Louvre in 1892. For the World Fair of 1900 Hayashi Tadamasa succeeds in the fabulous bet to make come from very philosopher's stones of Japan, the Meiji Emperor proposed even some parts of its personal collection.
Artists and movements
The principal Japanese artists who influenced the European artists were Hokusai, Hiroshige and Utamaro. Artists very little recognized in Japan because producing an art considered as light and popular by the Japanese elites of the time. The japonism thus saved works which were going to disappear and allowed to develop a new way of Japanese art.
In return, the arrival of the Westerners in Japan caused many reactions in the Japanese artists. For example in the field of painting, two universities were formed: that known as of Nihon-ga (Japanese way) which tended to perpetuate the gun of Japanese painting, and that known as of the Yoga (Western way), which developed the techniques and the reasons for the oil-base paint (see Kuroda Seiki and Kume Keiichiro, founder of the Company of the white horse, Hakuba-kai). However the opposite movement of the japonism is named bunmeikaika (文明開化). It did not meet the interest of the Japanese artists, more concerned of the effects of their modernization and occidentalization. It should have been waited one long period so that artists and enquiring Japanese consider the japonism.
Among the European artists followers of the japonism one finds: Van Gogh, Manet, Degas, Renoir, Pissaro, Klimt, Monet, Giuseppe De Nittis or Mary Cassatt which made collection of Japanese prints. The movement did not touch only painting but also the objets d'art with the enamelled sandstones of Carriès and the productions of the house Christofle out of patinated metal.
The whole of the Art nouveau is patinated Japanese references, to see Emile Galle.
Gallery
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