Japanese Miracle

The Miracle Japanese is the strong economic and cultural expansion Japan of the Après-guerre.

This expression, used in the medium of the press of the Years 1980, indicates the strong economic and cultural expansion Japan which managed to set up among largest with the Asian political economy where years 1950-1960 saw electronics and optics Japanese women to replace the German and American products.

Japan set out again of the abyssals zone in economy: destroyed in 1945 after the defeat in its attempt at control of the East Asia during the Campaigns of the Pacific and without natural resources, it first of all had to fight against the famine of its population during the occupation, before profiting from the nudge in the right direction of its winner. The concrete restarting is observable only as from 1952.

At the beginning, there was simply this ideology of a industrial Harmonie, invented by the Japanese capitalism of the beginning of the 20th century, which is the base of a Asian political economy of Far East, central China, peripheral Chinas, like Taiwan, HongKong and Singapore and of the sinicized countries, like the Korea, the Japan and the Vietnam. Then, the Cold war put Germany and Japan on the frontline, transforming the former enemies of allied Alliés in incoutournables which profited from the military orders while avoiding expenditure miltaires under the sunshade of the protection of the E. - U..

The Guerre of Korea launched the starting of this supposedly " miracle" who is only one national effort making following that of the Ère Meiji. In the Coévolution where the change of fact promotion and facilitates the change of the other, Japanese industry opened the doors with that of Korea and the " babies tigres" from the Southeast Asia, carrying out the dream of a " Co-prospérité" sphere; that the military conquest of the Second world war failed.

Economic theory characterizing the Japanese miracle

Strategic envelopment

"|…] Strategic envelopment consists in attacking on the higher level of the codes of conduct rather than to face the lifeblood directly. This French tale in verse, or tells moral, known of all the practitioners of Kendo (the way of the saber) or fencing with the Japanese woman, illustrates this idea of strategic envelopment.

" One day, a man-at-arms without fasteners passed by a village. Tired and famished, it entered the tavern of the village to put back, be restored and find good company of pleasant trade or some fortune.

Nenni, not!

dark brutish lout, the man of the taverns, sought to him quarrel in the form of a duel with the saber for the following day with the rising of the sun on the place of the village.

Décontenancé, our traveller got information and learned that it deals with the best sabror of all times and all the surrounding areas. Thrown into a panic, he asked council. The fencing master explained the too short time to him to make him acquire the expertise necessary and sent it to see a monk of the close monastery. The monk advised to him, with the duel, to be warned in his usual way and to remain perfectly motionless, the closed eyes, and of marmonner his prayer favorite. Flabbergasted and not having included/understood anything of this opaque mystery, our traveller protested and the monk advised to him to follow strictly and rigorously his regulation like condition of survival, to leave this bad step, and future prosperity.

Per hour of the duel, our man decladded, was warned, closed the eyes, marmonna its prayer and was held perfectly motionless.

Stupéfait, the best sabror of all times and all the neighbouring areas started to think, which arrived to him sometimes, seems T it. Or this man is completely insane, or it is suicidal, or it is very strong.

If it is insane, that does not add anything to my glory to kill it. If it is suicidal, it would be insane of my share to help it. If it is very very strong, I would be likely to make me kill.

In the doubt and on top, our man of the taverns flees with all legs and one it forever more re-examined in the neighbouring areas.

Our traveller settled in the village, thrived themselves and had beautiful and long a lignée" there;. (Thanh H. Vuong, " Technical-commercial strategies asiatiques" , in International studies, vol. XXII, No.3, pp. 552, September 1991).

This French tale in verse expresses, on another register, the philosophy of Sun Tzu on the art of the war where the top of excellence is to subjugate the adversary without fighting and, as in the worms of Crow, the combat ceased, for lack of combatants.

Then, which is of the first importance is to tackle the strategy of the adversary. What is difficult in the art of the operation is to transform misfortune into advantage and to make the most tortuous way the most direct road. The last appreciation is in the form of injunction which constitutes a strategic envelopment consisting in attacking on the higher level of the codes of conduct rather than the lifeblood than they organize. With the American occupation of the Japanese archipelago and the War of Korea which moved the hot face of the cold war of the Extreme-Occident in the Far East, Japan was in first line for the military supplies from which Japanese industries profited. They also benefitted from American teaching for the mass production and the quality control. Then, strategic envelopment consisted in beating the Master on his own ground by tackling the rules of sale and production.

This French tale in verse of entry tells the Asian policy, strategy and the tactics where the combat ceased fault of combatants, without gaining nor losers, for the benefit of all (" To subdue the ennemy without fighting ") and strategic envelopment (" To attack the e-nemy' S strategy ") by tackling the reasons to fight adversary through the art of the realignment of the situation, in such a way that it appears completely different in the new prospect thus installed. this operation of realignment is thus exposed by Sun Tzu (" Nothing is more difficult than the art off operation. What is difficult butt operates is to make the most devious road the most direct and to turn misfortune to advantage ").

This strategic envelopment, through the realignment, is also and especially the passage of the force of the weapons to economic control where the German military defeat and Japanese woman of 1945 were mainly related much more to the American industrial power that with its military power and where 45 years later Germany and Japan became the creditors and the guarantors impossible to circumvent of American prosperity, itself, guarantor of world prosperity by her dollar, like monetary unit of the international business, still keeping a capacity already emptied of its power. The capacity is on the level symbolic system of the rules of play and the power is on the level of the operations and strategies of jeu" (Thanh H. Vuong, " Technical-commercial strategies asiatiques" , in International studies, vol. XXII, No.3, pp. 554, September 1991.).

In 1945, the United States and Canada were the arsenals of Allied and held the three quarters of the world richness on a planet Ground with the three quarters devastated. To continue to have the assistance of its old colonies of America, England of Churchill invented the idea and the word of " war froide" and of " curtain of fer" , turning the old Russian ally as an enemy and the former German enemies and Japanese out of window of the " démocratie" liberal and capitalist. What enabled them to engage the fight for the economic control of the former winners, with the shelter of the ruinous military expenditure in the new arms race and to be in the forefront of the suppliers in this race.

For Japan, strategic envelopment is in the passage of electromechanical technologies to data-processing technologies and the displacement of the importance relative of matter-energy to information (including/understanding permanent professional training), of the natural resources to human resources, the production to the design.

Strategic envelopment is the installation of new rules of play which organize very an other play, like the history of the film the heroic village fair where the Flemish village - instead of preparing to fight and, by there, calling upon the rules of the game of valiancy, heroism and the expertise soldiers of the Spanish troops; valiancy, heroism and expertise soldiers which are lacking with the tradesmen and middle-class men of the small flourishing village and who are in excess near the Spanish troops - fact call with the proverbial Spanish galantery and the nobility well-known Castilian to help it, to help it and protect it by simulating a complete desertion from all the men of the place. Not only the village was not shaven to the ground, but still the Spanish troops helped it to thrive.

" Shape them and make them believe they are shaping you " could be a pastiche of Sun Tzu to describe the strategic envelopment which applies to this history of the Flemish village (Thanh H. Vuong, " Technical-commercial strategies asiatiques" , in International studies, vol. XXII, No.3, pp. 554, September 1991.).

In other words, strategic envelopment is the installation of new forms of relation which transform misfortune into advantage, as the over-populated Far East which transformed this overpopulation into richness of human resources by centering its production on the expertise (Lii) and the determination (Chii) of its labor rather than on the machinery and by centering its products on a strong content of added-value of work rather than on the raw material; i.e. the investment in the human capital - through education, the industrial relations policies, the methods of employment and the work conditions - with the primacy on the investment in the immobilization where the design directed towards the sale is more important than the production moved with the row of the " logistique" of support, like the " intelligence" (in the Anglo-Saxon military significance of knowledge of the environment and the internal states of the system).

" Westerners cuts dozens off books to choose from yew they want to learn butt Japanese philosophy and military tactics… Goal when the Japanese, especially those in business, want information one the subject, many turn to year ancient Chinese, not Japanese, military manual, The Art off war." Boardroom Carryforwards, can one read on the jacket of the book of Sun Tzu The Art off War translates by Us Marine General Sergeant Samuel B. Griffith, 11th edition, Oxford university Press, 1982.

Primacy of the sociality and strategic envelopment

The “sociality” is made of two complementary and antagonistic processes - in alternation and dispute (with the manner of the interlaced figure of the Yin-Yang) - “societation” and “sociabilisation”. The societation is the formation of from top to bottom the social group and the sociabilisation is the formation by ramification gradually on the ground.

In illustrative example, let us take the Japanese Urbanisme French and town planning, respectively for the societation and the sociabilisation, of the rebuilding of the post-war period which lasted well of 1945 to 1955. In France, in particular, and in Occident, in general, one plans in governmental offices, one concretes and when it is finished one puts people in these buildings. In Japan, in particular, and in the Far East, in general, people take seat and possession of a district and build their dwelling in a merry uproar. It results from it a sad moroseness, vandalism and a strong rate of criminality for the first and a prosperous and merry uproar with very a low level of criminality and quasi an absence of vandalism. What brings back for us to from top to bottom the geometrical and crystalline formation on a side and to the ramification gradually on the ground on other side.

Another illustrative example is in decision making in Occident and in the Far East where the decision is quickly made in Occident and its execution is long and often incomplete; while in Japan, in particular, and in the Far East, in general, decision making is very slow and hard and its execution is very fast and very complete. Indeed, the felt problems are often presented by the " base" as well as the choice of those which are regarded as most important and most urgent and of the solutions considered to be most adequate with their costs of various natures, their stakes and their completion dates. The " sommet" in takes note and turns over them to the " base" with the seal mandarinal of the agreement for the execution of what they initiated, or at least what they closely and intensely contributed to the development, in all knowledge of the causes, the effects and the stakes. " circles of qualité" are in this context.

At the base of town planning and decision making, there is the sociable one which is expressed in, with, by and through the play, sometimes exhausting, of the “consultation” and of the “dialog”. The consultation consists to deliver or receive free opinions not to hold account after multiple debates of it. The dialog consists in making differently with various means and through different routes to achieve the same goals. A concerto is the fight of an instrument against those of the orchestra in and for the harmony.

The harmony refers to the unit whereas the elements can be and are unmatched and their competitive competition is in the framework or the context of co-operative collaboration. The competition contraine, channeled and mediatized by the co-operation is essential with the individual creativity and ingeniousness, the wellbeing and the prosperity of the community. It develops, deploys and supports the talents of the individuals and the community, the wisdom of the individuals and the community, imagination and the invention, the laughter and the play and the regard of oneself. In other words, the harmony is the passage of the Jeu to null sum as a gain-loser where profit of equal loss of the other to the play with nonnull nap of the type Gain-gaining where the profit of the one can profit and profits with the other. Western obsession and the compulsion of and for the matter and the energy and their laws of the conservation support the play with null summation which leads directly to the competition all azimuth in which can be competitive co-operations in the form of collusions and of coalitions, in contrast with the co-operative copétitions of the members of a team and indirectly with the error where the harmony is equivalent or of the same form with and that homogeneity and hegemony deads on all the levels: physique with the social one.

Sociality and communication

The sociality, one points out it, consists of two at the same time complementary processes and antagonists in dispute and alternation - interlaced with the manner of the Yin-Yang in oscillation Cybernétique of a Gestalt or complete totality of figure-bottom of the societation (“crystalline” from top to bottom constitution, center with the periphery) and sociabilisation (ramification “chaotic”, “fuzzy” and “confused” gradually) which are expressed respectively by two forms of communicationqui are: “irradiation” and “epidemic propagation” (Marc Guillaume, “Digression on the masses and media”, in “Mass and post-modernity”, p' p. 135-142, Meridian Klinsieck, Paris, 1986).

the irradiation

Electromechanical metaphor, the irradiation indicates a diffusion to àpartir of a center which radiates simultaneously and in all direction of the messages of the type “with the appropriate authority” without nominal address or recipient in particular and, without knowledge (or little knowledge) on leurréception, their comprehension and their effects and without knowledge and recognition mutual. The memorandums, the circulars, the reports management and other files are illustrative examples of the form of irradiation of lacommunication. The media demasse are another example. The irradiation transforms the “community” into “company” and moves the “food together” (zusammen-center) with the “food with” (put-center) where people cohabit without coexisting. The irradiation is of the order sociétal of from top to bottom a geometrical structuring, center with the periphery, métrople with the colonies, “North” in the “South”.

The irradiation is underlain by the logic of the “Principle of organization by extension” or “Order from order” of Schrödinger where “order” indicates at the same time a requirement and a scheduling, a form of organization and an organizing diagram.

“the means of communication like the radio and television are known as of mass precisely because they weave only one minimal social link, a kind of degree zero of the communication” (Marc Guillaume).

With the first degree is the knowledge of the events objects and beings. With the second degree is the knowledge surou about these objects, i.e. the significances and values which are conferred to them or méta-knowledge. With the third degree is that of the rules and the beliefs which control the knowledge of the second degree. To each degree of communication the degree of knowing corresponds resulting from this communication.

The media are not collective équipents, like one says sometimes, but transformers of socialitésen serialities. This analysis, become traditional for a long time, is founded on the idea that the “mass media” do not induce relations of direct reciprocity between the elements of the mass, which are thus dedicated to the passivity and insulation. What of it is irradiated knowledge (in the broad sense, i.e. any exposure to information)?

It is initially a knowledge which becomes increasingly external with those which receive it: more efforts of assimilation, more slow processes of assimilation. Information circulates with continuous floods, one connects to collect them abstractedly. For the professional needs, the external storages, the machines “to be thought with”, are used as interfaces. The knowledge is dissociated from the formation (Bildung) of the spirit. This external knowledge is especially characterized to be deprived of the common knowledge which characterizes the “epidemic” model.

In addition, any message comprises two aspect: the “text” of the informative contents and the “context” which rapporteà the relation which the agents entreiennent. The illustrative example simplest is in a calculating machine into which one inputs the text of the contents of the figures and the context of the operations to be carried out with these chffres.

“the irradiation privileges the contents of the text and is blind with the context, while the epidemic propagation builds the context which gives direction (in triple direction of orientation, relevance and significance) to the contents” (ibid, p. 561,1991).

epidemic propagation

Biomedical metaphor, the epidemic propagation indicates a transmission deproche as a close relation on the knowing itself ground by direct contacts between subjects and recognizing itself mutually, like barter, in contrast with the mercantile relation mediatized by one “.marché” the Rumeur is an illustrative example of this epidemic propagation. Epidemic Lapropagation transforms a “company” - as well that where the members are members that where the members are citizens - into “community” and moves the “food with” (put-center) of the cohabitation towards the “food together” (zusammen-center) of laco-existence.

The epidemic propagation is about sociable of a ramification gradually on the ground, underlain by the logic of the “Principle of organization by availability to lévénement” or “Order from noise” of Heinz von Foerster of the stochastic Processus of the chance and the need in epistemology constructivist.

The cédents examples of town planning E of decision making illustrate these two form of communication and these two logics of Schrödinger and Heinz von Foerster. The form of communication in epidemic propagation manufactures and reinforces this sociality first at the base of a better productivity.

History

Growth - During three decades (years 1960,1970, and 1980), the growth of the Japan is spectacular. During the Boom Izanagi, the GNP believed of 11,5% between 1965 and 1970 and as of 1968, Japan was the 2nd worldwide economy;
Apogee - One can locate the apogee of the “Japanese miracle” about 1988: the Japan is then world number one of the Banque, and electronic industry and Automobile (source: the Special Express train Japan, 1988)
Evolution - Since the Years 1980, the growth of Japan and the development of the Japanese work methods influenced the strong growth of the countries of the Southeast Asia.

The myth

Saga of the Quality circles - the Japanese economic miracle already made run much ink in the Années 1970 and 1980, in particular in connection with the Quality circles.
initial Approach - approaches, sometimes surface, privileging the receipts, even the formulas, contributed to maintain the character “mysterious” of a culture characterized by the Bouddhisme Zen,
Etude of constraint - To distinguish the legitimate aspects (ritual training) and illegitimate (degradation) from the research of the automation of the movements made possible by the repetition would make it possible to better include/understand the Japanese culture characterized by the Zen, and its practices individual (Zazen) and collective (Kaizen, Kininn,…).

See too

Bibliographical references

Thanh H. Vuong, " Technical-commercial strategies asiatiques" , in International studies, vol. XXII, No.3, pp. 551-575, September 1991.
Thanh H. Vuong & Jorge Virchez, " Economic community of Pacific Asia. Economic test of anthropolgie and geography politique" , Presses Inter Academics, Cape Red, Quebec, QC, 2004.

Internal bonds

Japanese Japanese economy
Armed (of most reduced since protection by the American umbrella)

German and Austrian Economic miracle
Economic miracle French
Economic miracle Japanese

External bond

cours, Canadian university

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