See also: Joyce
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (February 2nd 1882 with Dublin - January 13rd 1941 with Zurich), novelist and poet Irish expatriate, considered as one of the most influential writers of the XXe century. Its major works are a collection of news People of Dublin (1914) and novels Dedalus (1916), Ulysses (1922), and Finnegans Wake (1939).
Although it passed the major part of its life apart from its native land, the Irish experiment of Joyce is essential in its writings and is the base of the majority of its works. Its fictional universe is anchored to Dublin and reflects its family life, the events, the friends (and enemies) of the days of school and college. Thus, it became at the same time most cosmopolitan and most local of the Irish great writers.
Life
Dublin, 1882-1904
originating in Cork, has a small salt factory and lime. In 1887, it is employed like receiver of the taxes by Dublin Corporation. The family moves then in the new suburbs with the mode of Bray.
In 1891, James writes a poem, And You Healy, on the death of Charles Stewart Parnell. His/her father makes it print and sends even a copy to the Bibliothèque of the Vatican. In November of the same year, John Joyce enters the Stubbs Gazette (an official register of the bankruptcy). It is the beginning of a family descent towards poverty, mainly due to the tendency of the father to drink and its bad financial management.
Joyce had begun its studies at the Jesuits in Clongowes Wood College, in the Comté of Kildare. When his/her father is not able any more to pay, Joyce briefly studies at the school of the Christian Brothers on North Richmond Street with Dublin, before one offers a place with the college to him Jesuit of Dublin Belvedere College in 1893. Is quoted to him with a view to integrate the order of the Jesuits. But Joyce rejects the Catholicisme as of the 16 years age, although the philosophy of Saint Thomas d' Aquin continued to exert on him a great influence throughout its life.
It enters in 1898 to the University College, with Dublin, where it follows a teaching of letters and modern languages (French and Italian). It starts to attend the literary circles of the city. Its criticism of the last part of Ibsen, in 1900, is worth to him a letter of thanks on behalf of the Norwegian author. During these years, he writes many articles and at least two plays, now lost. The majority of the friends whom it is made at the university will seem characters in his written work.
After its diploma, in 1903, it makes a first stay with Paris, officially to study medicine but actually it wastes the money which its family had been able with difficulty to get to him. It returns to Ireland after a few months, when a cancer is diagnosed in his/her mother. He refuses to request with his bedside what reveals its agnosticism. After the death of his mother, it continues to drink much and the living conditions to the hearth of Joyce become very bad. It vivotte by writing account-returned books, while teaching and while singing.
January 7th 1904, it writes in one day an autobiographical draft entitled Portrait of the artist , who is rejected by the magazine free thinker Dana . It decides at the time of its 22nd birthday to develop the history in a long novel Stephen the hero , whose elaborate form will appear under the title Dedalus ( Portrait of the artist as an young man ). The June 16th 1904, it becomes acquainted with Nora Barnacle, an young woman originating in the Connemara, Comté of Galway, which works like chambermaid. It falls in love from there. This date of their first go is also the date of the action of Ulysses .
Joyce more often remains in Dublin, drinking enormously. During a drinking bout, it fights with a man following a misunderstanding with the Phoenix Park, close to Dublin; it is collected by a vague knowledge of his father, Alfred H. Hunter, who brings back it at his place to look after it. Hunter, which is famous being Juif and to have an inaccurate woman, will be used like one of the models as Leopold Bloom, the main character of Ulysses . It makes come a medical student Oliver St John Gogarty, who will form the base of the character of Buck Mulligan in Ulysses . After being remained in the Turn Martello of Gogarty during six nights, it leaves it in the middle of the seventh following a dispute with Gogarty, which directed a gun in its direction. It turns over to foot to Dublin, remains in friends for the night and sends the following day one of them to seek its business in the tower. Shortly after it joined the continent with Nora.
Trieste and Zurich, 1904-1920
Joyce and Nora are essential a voluntary exile, initially with Zurich, where Joyce must obtain, via an agent in England, a post of English teacher at the Berlitz school. But the agent was swindled and the principal sends it to Trieste, in Austria-Hungary. There still, it fails but with the assistance of Almidano Artifoni, director of Trieste Berlitz school, it finds finally a station of teaching to Pola, which forms part of Austro-Hungary then (currently in Croatia). Joyce remains over there of October 1904 at March 1905, when the Austrians discover a spy network in the city and expel all the foreigners. With the assistance of Artifoni, it goes back then to Trieste and starts to teach English. It remains in Trieste during the 10 years majority following.
This same year, Nora gives rise to their first child, George. It could then persuade his brother, Stanislaus, to join it in Trieste, and a post of teacher at the school ensures him. Officially it is a question of meeting the need for the school and of offering to his brother a life more interesting than that which the simple use of clerk gets to him than he left in Dublin. But actually Joyce thus hopes to increase the thin incomes of its family with the profits of her brother. The relations between Stanislaus and Joyce are tightened for all this period when they live together in Trieste, mainly because of the tendency of Joyce “to flame” and with drinking.
One of its students in Trieste east Ettore Schmitz (more known under the pseudonym of Italo Svevo); they knew each other in 1907 and became friendly, exchanging criticisms mutual insurance companies. Schmitz is Jewish, and becomes the principal model of the character of Leopold Bloom in Ulysses ; the majority of the details concerning the Jewish faith contents in Ulysses (Romance) come from the answers of Schmitz to the questions of Joyce. Joyce passes the majority of the remainder of its life on the continent. It is in Trieste that it starts to suffer from its ocular problems which will result in a dozen operations until its death.
Nostalgic of the wandering of the beginning of its life, Joyce is frustrated of its life in Trieste: he moves with Rome at the end 1906, having obtained a stable situation in a bank. But he does not like the life in Rome and went back to Trieste to the beginning of the year 1907. His/her Lucia daughter is born at spring from this year.
Joyce goes back to Dublin to the summer 1909 with George, to return visit to his/her father, to make him become acquainted with his/her son and to publish people of Dublin . It also returns visit for the first time to the family of Nora to Galway (a visit successful in its opinion). Whereas it is on the point of going back to Trieste, it decides to take along one of his sisters to help Nora to deal with the house. There remains only one month in Trieste before returning again to Dublin, this time like representative of owners of cinema with the project to open a room in Dublin. It is a success (which will become a failure in its absence), and it sets out again in Trieste in January 1910 accompanied by different sound sister, Eileen. Whereas Eva has the evil of the country, and goes back to Dublin a few years later, Eileen passes the remainder of its life on the continent, marrying finally with the Czech banker Frantisek Schaurek.
Joyce briefly returns to Dublin at the summer 1912, always in conflict with its editor George Roberts in connection with the publication of Gens of Dublin . Its voyage is vain, and on its return in Italy he writes the poem “Gas from has Burner” of a Nozzle, to criticize Roberts. He will not go thereafter any more in Ireland, in spite of the prayers of his father and the invitations of his compatriot William Butler Yeats.
Joyce thinks permanently of how to earn money quickly. He thinks of importing tweed Irish in Trieste, but the project does not succeed. However, it never sinks in misery, thanks to the incomes drawn from its place at the Berlitz school and private lessons. The majority of the people whom it meets through these courses him will not be of any help when it wants to leave the Austria - Hungary for the Suisse in 1915.
To escape the difficulties from the life in a country in war, it settles indeed with Zurich this year, and meets there that which will remain his/her best friend until his death, Frank Budgen, to which Joyce will refer permanently during the drafting of Ulysses and Finnegans Wake . It is as in this city as Ezra Pound announces it to the editor and English feminist Harriet Shaw Weaver, which will become the patron of Joyce, providing him until the end of its life enough of books to live without having to teach. At the end of the war, it briefly returns to Trieste, but finds that the city had changed, and gets along even less although before with his/her brother, who had been interned Austrian prisons because of his pro-Italian positions. Joyce accepts in 1920 an invitation of Ezra Pound for one week in Paris, where it will remain during twenty years.
Paris and Zurich, 1920-1941
After having passed most of the war with Zurich (1915 - 1919), it turns over to Trieste a few months before being installed in 1920 with Paris on the councils of Ezra Pound. It meets there Valéry Larbaud, which presents it to literary All-Paris, as Sylvia Beach which publishes the original edition of Ulysses in 1922 and Adrienne Monnier which publishes of it the French translation in 1929. The book has many troubles with the Anglo-Saxon censures. Starting from 1923, it begins its “Work in Progress”, whose it was to make appear during more than fifteen years of many fragments either in reviews, or in the form of plates (in particular Anna Livia Plurabelle in 1928), before the complete publication under the title of Finnegans Wake , simultaneously with London and New York in 1939. Joyce often travels to Switzerland for operations of the eyes and treatments for Lucia which suffers from Schizophrenie. In Paris, Maria and Eugene Jolas nourish Joyce during the long years when he writes Finnegans Wake . Without their indéfectible support (and also without the financial support of Hariet Shaw Weaver), it is probable that its books never would not have been finished or are published. In their magazine literary Transition , now legendary, Jolas publish in the form of serial several sections of the novel of Joyce under the title Work in Progress . ( Work in progress ). Joyce goes back food to Zurich after the occupation of France by the Nazis in 1939. In 1940, " Irlandais" (nickname of Joyce since its arrival in the Hexagon) settles again in France, in Saint-Gérand-the-Puy, in Combining it. After one year of rest, it decides to go back to Zurich, to finish its life there. The January 11th 1941, it is hospitalized for a perforation of ulcer to the duodenum. After several days of respite, it falls into the coma. It awakes at 2 o'clock in the morning the January 13rd 1941 and asks a nurse to call his wife and her son before losing conscience again. They are in way when he dies, fifteen minutes later. It is incinerated with the Cimetière of Fluntern to range of howlings of the lions of the zoo of Zurich. His Nora wife, whom he had finally married in London in 1931, survived to him during ten years. Also incinerated, it rests at its sides like their son, died in 1976.
Influence
Joyce was the object of many studies. He also exerted a great influence on writers as various as Samuel Beckett, Jorge Luis Borges, Flann O' Brien (which do of the writer one of the protagonists of his novel the archivist of Dublin), Máirtín Ó Cadhain, Salman Rushdie, Philippe Sollers, Thomas Pynchon, William Burroughs, Jack Kerouac, Robert Anton Wilson, Joseph Campbell, Barry McCrea and well of others.
Many critics of the 20th century claimed that the work of Joyce had had a disastrous effect on the modern and post-modern fiction, creating generations of writers who gave up grammar, the coherence and the screen of their history in favor of divagations illegible nombrilists. Intellectuals as Vladimir Nabokov carried a glance mitigated on the works of Joyce, encensant certain books all while condemning some of others (in the case of Nabokov, Ulysses is a masterpiece, and Finnegans Wake a horror).
The influence of Joyce is as exerted in other fields as the literature. Thus, the sentence “Three Quarks for Muster Mark” (Three quarks for Mr Mark) in Finnegans Wake is at the origin of the word Quark used in nuclear physics; he was proposed by the physicist Murray Freezing-Mann, who had made the scientific discovery of it. The sentence is sung by a chorus of birds of sea and means “three acclamations” or -- according to the notes of Joyce-- “three mocking remarks”.
The philosopher Jacques Derrida wrote a book on the use of the language in Ulysses , the American philosopher Donald Davidson compared Finnegans Wake with the texts of Lewis Carroll. The psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan devoted his seminars of 1975/1976 to the exposure of one of his great concepts, the " Sinthome ", inspired by its study of the work and the personality of Joyce. Vladimir Nabokov admired much Ulysses, quoting it among major works of the prose of the XXe century, with the Metamorphosis of Franz Kafka. Jorge Luis Borges carried to naked the Finnegans Wake .
Finnegans Wake returns several times in the novel of Tom Robbins Fierce Invalids Home from Hot Climates . Joyce is celebrated each sixteenth day of June in Dublin by the Bloomsday. With Dedham, Massachusetts, takes place each year the Walk James Joyce, race of ten kilometers interfered readings of works of the author.
Major works
Poetry
- The Holy Office (1904)
- Chamber Music ( Chamber music ) (1907)
- Gas from has burner ( water in the gas ) (1912)
- Poems penyeach ( Ten pennies of poems ) (1927)
- Collected Poems (1936)
Romans
- has portrait off the Artist ace has Young Man ( Portrait of the artist as an young man ) (1916)
- Finnegans Wake (1939)
- Stephen the hero ( Stephen the hero ) (1944)
New
- Dubliners ( people of Dublin ) (1914)
Théâtre
- Exile ( Exiled the ) (1918)
Quotations
- the man and the woman, the love which is? A stopper and a bottle.
-
the reproduction is the beginning of died the .
-
nobody include/understand? (on its bed of dead)
Quotations in connection with Joyce
-
In one day of Dublin, it is possible to find the very whole Odyssée . (Michel Butor)
- Joyce knows the female heart as if he were the grandmother of the devil. (Carl G. Jung)
- It is almost infinite. (Jorge Shine Borges)
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