Jacques d' Allonville, knight of Louville , born the July 14th 1671, castle of Louville-la-Chenard and died in September 10th 1732 with Saint-Jean-of-Sling is officer of the king, knight of Malta then Astronome and Mathématicien.

Its family

Jacques d' Allonville is the son of Jacques d' Allonville de Louville (1628 - 1707) and of Marie Charlotte de Vaultier de Moyencourt (1646 - 1704). His/her father is knight, lord of Louville and Montuel (1658), Montigny-on-Avre and Herville.

The Famille of Allonville is of former knighthood, originating in the Chartrain country, where it had, of unmemorable time, until the year 1475, ground and seigniory of its name. It produced a large panetier of France, captain of one hundred lances; a Large Master of National Forestry Commission, governors of the towns of Meulan, Montlhéry, Senonches, Chartres, Blois, Stamps, Courtrai… And especially, several chamberlains and gentlemen of the room of the kings and princes of the house of France, and a duke of Savoy… several riders of stable of the king, a first rider of the Constable of Bourbon and one of the duke of Anjou and Alençon; lieutenants and an ensign of the companies of men-at-arms of the made up ordinances gentlemen; a deputy of the nobility to the General states of 1560 with Orleans, and General states of 1588-1589, in Blois… Without forgetting, a knight crossed in the year 1190; several knights of Saint-Jean-of-Jerusalem, Rhodos and Malta, including two of the name of Pierre, in 1524 and 1547; four knights about the king or Saint-Michel, before the establishment of that of the Holy Spirit…. Jacques d' Allonville de Louville is the brother of Charles Auguste d' Allonville de Louville.

Biography

The Elements of Euclide

Jacques d' Allonville, as much of junior by family noble is intended for the Church. His/her parents give of it him the dress, which enough often accustoms the children to believe that they are called there.

But he does not let it persuade so easily, and when it is question of the tonsurer at 7 years, it waits the day of the ceremony to declare in four words, with a cold firmness, inébranlable, and extremely above its age, that it does not feel not attracted by the ecclesiastical state.

It makes its studies in a rather common way, is characterized only by one character more serious and more judicious than that from its similar, and by its scorn for their entertainments.

The chance makes him fall between the hands the Éléments from Euclide, by Henryon. Jacques d' Allonville does not have whereas 12 years, and the bed alone of the beginning until the end without any difficulty.

An officer of the king

Its birth in a family of soldiers does not leave him any more an other party take but that of the war, which besides agrees to its taste for mathematics. To the difference in the others of Allonville, Jacques d' Allonville enters the royal Marine initially, like junior, and assists in 1692, with the Bataille of Hougue.

Die it passes to the ground service, and is captain in the Régiment of the King. At the end of 1700, the marquis de Louville, Charles Auguste d' Allonville de Louville, his/her older brother, Gentleman of the English Channel of the Duke of Anjou, follows to Spain this prince become king of this great monarchy, and soon after it makes come the knight in a Court where all strong from approvals await it.

Jacques d' Allonville finds there indeed, it is Brigadier armies of king d' Espagne, it has a patent of a rather considerable pension on the Taxability, but which remains useless to him.

It has also the privilege to play failures with the king of Spain. But very quickly the king does not have any more the right to play failure with French.

At the end of 4 years? he is obliged because of disgrace of his brother, to pass by again in France, where he takes again the service. Louis XIV, makes the war in Flandres. It holds opened table, where all the officers of a certain quality eat the ones after the others. One day, the knight of Louville, good gentleman of Beauce, arises to dine:

- Lord, says Mr. of Créqui to the king, here is this Mr. de Louville who souhaiteroit to have the honor to dine with your majesty.

- Of which right? answers the monarch.

Mr. of Créqui, not daring to return the answer of the king, simply known as with Mr. de Louville, that this prince having spoken to him about another thing, it avoit been able to speak to him about him . However the evening Mr. of Créqui] represents with the king that Mr. de Louville, not only is of good and old house, but a very good officer. Louis, internally angry hardness of his answer, says to him to present it to him the following day. The king, asks him to take seat. [[Image: Battle audenarde.gif|thumb|250px|left|Chart of the battle of Audenarde]] - '' Lord '', answers Louville, '' I dined ''. The noble pride of this answer astonishes initially the king; but, one says, far from harming Louville, it is only used to make it all the more estimable to the eyes of this monarch, who since him will give of it more preuve '' Choix of anecdotes and made memorable; or, the valere maxim François '', by Pierre Antoine of the Place, p. 332 and 333.. Jacques d' Allonville is made prisoner on July 11th [[1708]] with [[battles of Oudenarde]], absolutely stripped of all, and sent captive in Holland, from where it leaves only at the end of 2 years because of an exchange. After the signature of [[Treaties of Utrecht (1713)]], it has a patent of colonel to the escape of [[the 6th regiment of dragons (France)|Dragons of the queen]], with a pension of 4.000 pounds granted by the king Louis XIV of France http://htw.free.fr/higeal.htm '' the House of Allonville '', author: Guy de Rambaud, '' According to a handwritten genealogy drawn up with the cabinet of the orders of the king, deposited today with the cabinet of the titles of the royal Library. There is of it a double specimen in the cabinet of Hozier. '' . The little of time that an agitated and tumultuous life had up to that point enabled him to give to mathematics, had done nothing but irritate its passion for them. But one enters then during a time of peace. === the time of the voyages === [[Image: Antoine Charon Astronomers Studying year Eclipse.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Astronomers observing one [[solar eclipse]] in 1571.]] Master finally of its destiny, Jacques d' Allonville devotes himself to mathematics, and mainly with [[astronomy]]. He goes to [[Marseilles]] in [[1714]], in the only intention taking there exactly the height of the pole, which is necessary to him to bind with more safety its observations to those of [[Pythéas]], old women of approximately 2000 ans '' Nouvelle general biography since the times most moved back until our… '' by Hoefer (Jean Chrétien Ferdinand), Firmin-Didot, p.55 and Œuvres of Voltaire, by Voltaire, Adrien Jean Quentin Beuchot, Pierre Auguste Marie Miger, p.246 . In [[1715]], Jacques d' Allonville shows the voyage of [[London]] purposely there to it [[solar Eclipse|total sun eclipse]]. It attends a remarkable phenomenon. The knight of Louville and [[Edmond Halley]] see on the entirely obscure surface of the moon of the jets of a light instantaneous and momentary, which resemble fulminations, and still with these powder trails where fire is put. This unforeseen spectacle causes a kind of fright to the spectators. The knight of Louville allots these appearances to true fulminations, with storms accompanied by flashes, which took place on the moon during [[solar eclipse]] the '' Histoire of modern astronomy since the foundation of the school of Alexandria… '', by Jean Sylvain Bailly, p.526.. Louville does not regret least to have spent 8.000 books to attend this rare spectacle. However this sum is important for him, even if its fortune ensures at the same time much to him leisure and the money for its research. Of course, the remonstrances of its family and her friends are numerous. To be completely free, after having refused the tonsure, it gives to the Minister for the war, [[Claude Louis Hector de Villars]] its patent of colonel and it refuses to touch its pension. === a scientist recognized by various academies === [[Image: Academy of Science 1671.jpg|thumb|left|300px| In [[1714]], Jacques d' Allonville becomes member of [[the Academy of Science (France)|Academy of Science]].]] In [[1714]], Jacques d' Allonville becomes member of [[the Academy of Science (France)|Academy of Science]]. Little time afterwards, it [[Royal Society|Royal company of London]] honors it with the same favor. As he is from now on a recognized scientist, he thinks of settling with [[Observatory of Paris]]. As [an astronomer, it is necessary for him a great horizon, places of a specific measure, but it does not support to be obliged to leave them according to the interests or the whim of others.

Jacques d' Allonville thus leaves the Observatoire of Paris and the capital to fix himself in a small house at the countryside, which it buys in 1717 with a quarter of mile of Orleans. This place is called Carré . There nature offers all to him that it can wish to make of astronomical research. It gets what it misses. It establishes its observatory there: glasses of thirty feet length, fixed on a mast of thirty-five feet height.

This distant residence does not agree with the rules of the Academy of Science:

• the astronomers are rare and must live in Paris, but he promises to bring every year to Paris the fruits of his retirement, and discharges some regularly.

• In 1717, with 30 miles of Paris, an astronomer, with all his ordinary crew and his practices, is an astonishing spectacle with the eyes of any inhabitant of Saint-Jean-of-Sling. The peasants around Orleans cannot take another idea of a man whom they see observing the sky, if not which it is a wizard. When their vines have suddenly frozen with Saint-Jean-of-Sling, whereas those of the close parishes are saved, they show it. They insult Louville, and want even the étriper. One needs to the scientist all his presence of mind and the help of the police force to prevent that one destroys his Telescope… and itself.

Its astronomical instruments

A mast of 30 or 35 feet which it planted in its garden to attach its Telescope to it 30 feet, is intended to show to him stars more closely, and several saw it being made hoist with the top of this mast, and remain there a long time. The decent people of the countries, too enlightened to give in the magic, come from all shares to ask him which time it will make, or if harvest will be abundant. It is true that Paris even is not yet quite disillusioned to make the same honor with the scientists of the Observatoire of Paris.

The knight of Louville will not be overpowered by the excessive number of visits that an insane curiosity brings to him. They regard it as a Brahmane, or a Gymnosophiste, but it can there receive them. the curious ones, writes one of its biographers, could see it only with table. The finished meal, it returned in its cabinet. It had the air of perfect stoical, contained in itself and holding with nothing outside, good friend however, semi-official, liberal… .

Jacques d' Allonville makes his own hands his instruments astronomical, all that there is of finer and more difficult, all that the most skilful workmen do not dare to make in the last perfection, of the long and painful tasks. It is extremely satisfied to be paid by itself about it, if its observations are righter.

In 1724, it gives to the Academy of Science a rather remarkable example of all the scrupulous and almost vétilleuses attentions which it gives to the determination size diameters of the Sun, not fundamental for the theory of this star, of which it gives new tables printed in the edition of 1720 of the one of its books. It explains there the principles of their construction, which also asks for a fine research of speculation, and a great exactitude of practice. Astronomical calculations, which roll only on about, what extremely similar, it wants to lead them to be calculi, free from any groping. Astronomy acquires by-there a certain nobility, and becomes more truly science. The Academy of Science in 1724 comments on its new method to calculate the eclipses. He explains sufficiently his thoughts on this subject.

Louville has some more singular and more prone to dispute, on the obliqueness of the ecliptic compared to the equator (the equator). All the astronomers pose it trustful, and he believes it decreasing, but only of minute in 100 years, so that in a very long time, which is determined easily, the ecliptic comes to put in the plan of the equator (the equator), and the two poles see together the sun during a few years.

Its criticisms of Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

Jacques d' Allonville de Louville tries hard to collect on all sides, and since the antiquity most moved back to us, all this astronomy concerns directly or indirectly; and with some exception, all leads to return the obliqueness of the ecliptic decreasing, often rather just according to the proportion posed. He even believes to be able to prove in certain happy circumstances that this waning, which can be only of one extreme slowness, was 5 years precisely 3 seconds that it is necessary. He is not unaware of that this size is in astronomy an infinitely small. But the singular care that it puts at its observations can justify a confidence which would not be allowed differently. Though it appears to be contained in astronomy, it mixes with the famous question of the forces.

Jacques d' Allonville de Louville is the first of the Academy of Science, which dares to declare against Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz.

But the geometrician is made not to submit with the names and to the authorities, the character of Louville returns it in this respect more geometrician that another. It continues in 1728 the same company, and Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan joint with him with a new theory. It is then illustrates it Bernoulli that they attack. The lawsuit of the lifeblood is not judged yet in form.

Jacques d' Allonville appears with the eyes of the other academicians like perfect a stoical, contained in itself, and holding with nothing outside, good friend however, semi-official, generous. He is nevertheless extremely silent, even when he is question of Mathématiques, and if he speaks about it, it is not to make parade of its knowledge, but to communicate it to those which sincerely requested it. The scientist who only speaks to inform the others, and which as much as they want to be educated, makes a grace; with the place that at the time when he only speaks to spread out, him a grace is made, if it is listened to.

In the readings that Jacques d' Allonville made to the assemblies of the Academy of Science, it does not fail to stop very short, as soon as it is stopped. He leaves with a perfect phlegm a free course to the objection, and when he disarmed it, or wearied by his silence, he begins again quietly where he had left. One claims that this stoical, if austere and so hard, likes the good meals, of beautiful clothes and certain delicacies, certain refined attentions, which bring it a little closer to the philosophers of the opposite party. Louville affirms that the ground has more than two million years, which is new. Voltaire writes that the knight of Louville, was distinguished among crowd from those which made honor at the century of Louis XIV .

End of its life

At the beginning of September 1732, the knight of Louville has two accesses of lethargic fever, which do not astonish it. It has habit to look at its evils like phenomena of physics, in which it is only interested to find the explanation of it. It continues its ordinary life when the same fever returns, and carries it the 10 of the month at the end of 40 hours, during which it is absolutely without knowledge.

On the the Moon bears its name.

After 1732

The Observatoire of Paris has many registers with its observations with Carré. Jacques d' Allonville de Louville wrote a certain number of works, of which:

• Observations on the obliqueness of the ecliptics , presented to the Academy, 1714,1716,1721

• New tables of the sun , 1720
• New method to calculate the eclipses 1724
• Remarks on the question of the lifeblood , 1721-1728
• Articles against the opinions of the P. Castel, Jesuit , in Mercure de France 1720
• Explanation about a difficulty suggested to the mathematicians , by Mr. the Knight of Louville.
• Explanation on a difficulty of statics suggested with the Academy , by Mr. the Knight of Louville

Notes and references of the article