Jacques-Rene Hébert

See also: Hébert

Jacques-Rene Hébert , born with Alençon the November 15th, 1757 and guillotine with Paris the March 24th 1794, was Journaliste and Politician French.

Jacques-Rene Hébert was the son of the joailler Jacques Hébert died in 1766 and of Marguerite Beunaiche of Houdrie (1727-1787).

He launched in 1790 the father Duchesne , newspaper of the revolutionary radical. He took part, in 1792, with the fall of monarchy in the role of public prosecutor and, in 1793, with that of the Girondins. In February 1793, he decided against the tax known as of the maximum. May 20th, 1793, the moderate majority of especially made up Convention the Of Gironde ones formed the commission of the Twelve which issued on May 24th, its arrest and of her Marino collaborators and Michel administrators of police force. But was prevented in time by the commune which is put under its protection. The commune and the sections force Convention to order its release later three days. With its partisans, the Hébertistes (Chaumette, Chub, Collot d' Herbois and others), it strongly influenced the Club of Cordeliers and the insurrectionary Commune. Maximilien de Robespierre of which he had denounced moderation made it stop and carry out in 1794.

Creator of the “Duchesne father”

Provincial having studied the right, Hébert goes up to Paris. The year 1789 did not bring notable change in its situation. Doctor Boisset, his compatriot, agreed to place it provided that it wrote in his place a booklet: the Magic lantern or the Plague of the Aristocrats which marked the beginning of its career of lampoonist. He published then some opuscules while its material situation became increasingly precarious.

The publication of the first numbers of the father Duchesne , as from September 1790, will open a new period in its life. Several lampoons had been published under this name, but that of Hébert, that the hawkers of street sold while shouting: “ It is bougrement in anger today the Duchesne father! ”, was characterized by the violence which characterized its style. From 1790 with 1791, the father Duchesne was constitutional and still favorable to Louis XVI and Fayette, blaming Marie-Antoinette and Marat and holding its lightnings with the abbot Maury, large defender of the pontifical authority against the civil Constitution of the clergy. The tone clearly hardened with the advent of the Republic. The government made print in 1792 some of its numbers at the expense of the Republic making them distribute in the armies in order to leave the soldiers a torpor considered to be dangerous for public Safety.

Radical revolutionist

In 1791 Hébert broke with the moderate ones which dreamed of a compromise with the aristocrats. The July 17th 1791, it signed the petition of the Champ de Mars and the shooting of the “patriots” threw it in the forefront of the revolutionists. It from now on found its tone débraillé, this style so readily ordurier, while keeping a kind of elegance, which placed it in the line of the large lampoonists of the 18th century. the father Duchesne starts to attack without care Fayette, Mirabeau, Bailly: after the escape of the king and his arrest in Varennes, it takes Louis XVI and even the Pape with part. Above all, the father Duchesne is patriotic: he becomes soon the spokesperson of the Sans-culottes and the sections, denouncing the operations of the henchmen of the Britanniques, the Germans and the immigrants.

Member of the Club of Cordeliers, Hébert sits at the insurrectionary Commune where it is sent in the night from August 9th to 10th 1792 by the section Good-News. He highly approves the massacres of September, in which he did not take part besides. The December 22nd 1792, it is named second substitute of the Prosecutor of the Commune. Until August 1793, one sees it supporting with crash the Montagnards against the Girondins. His/her friends and itself remain nevertheless concerned not to betray the major interests of the middle-class and repudiate the Sans-culottes when they preach extremists measurements out of economic material. In April - May 1793, Hébert is those which indicate the Of Gironde ones with popular vindication. The crushing argument tried by the Convention, which makes stop Hébert on May 24th, 1793 with Morineau, Brichet and Varlet, fails in front of the reaction threatening of the sections. The popularity of Hébert is reinforced considerably with it. It is then one of the chiefs of the Revolution moving.

Toughening

The attitude of Hébert changes after the death of Jean-Paul Marat (July 13rd, 1793) and the crisis of the summer: it tends to be radicalized always more. The days of the September 4th and 5th 1793, where the sans-culottes invade the Convention and impose to him the application of the Terreur, are a personal success for Hébert. From September 1793 at January 1794, it subjects Convention to a continual harassing (Loi of the suspects, Loi of the general maximum).

Campaigns against the Queen and the Church

The campaign which it conducted against Marie-Antoinette undoubtedly foreign with the death sentence of the queen.

With Chaumette and its own friends, it was also one of the principal organizers of the policy of dechristianization. Violently anticlerical and hostile with Catholicism, it is defended however against the charge of atheism, appealing Jesus “best Jacobin than there was under the cap of the skies” and rewriting the Gospels with his way in the father Duchesne : “when the honest Jesus sans-culotte appeared, he preached the benevolence, fraternity, freedom, the equality, the contempt of the richnesses. All the lying priests had soon the cut down nails and they fell into the contempt. It is true that the scélérats were avenged some for the good kind. Of agreement with the judges and Capet of the time, they made hang the poor Jesus sans-culotte”, But it goes into reverse in front of Maximilien de Robespierre, when this one, the 1 {{er}} frimaire year II denounces atheism and issues the freedom of the worships. In the first months of 1794, Hébert exploits the popular discontent born with the expensive life.

Arrest, judgment and execution

Imprudently, it is not satisfied to attack the Indulgents, but it is also caught some in Robespierre, too moderate from now on in its eyes. The revolutionary government finally decides to strike and makes stop in the night of the March 13rd to the March 14th 1794 Hébert, with the main leaders of Cordeliers (Momoro, Vincent and Ronsin). All were condemned to died and were carried out ten days later, the March 24th 1794.

He had married the February 7th 1792 Marie Marguerite Francoise Hébert born Goupil, ex-nun of the convent of the Design (street Saint-Honore) under the name of “sister of Providence”, guillotinée the April 13rd 1794, from this union will be born a girl, Scipion-Virginia Hébert (February 7th 1793 - July 13rd 1830).

The Political Thought of Jacques Rene Hébert

  • " The Political Thought of Jacques Rene Hébert (1790-1794) " of Antoine Agostini (university Presses of Aix-Marseilles) -1999 - - and Political science Faculty of Law of Aix-Marseilles

References

  • Christophe Donner, a king without a future , Paris, Grasset, 2007 ISBN 9782246625810

  • Lawsuit of the Hébert conspirators, Ronsin, Vincent and accomplices: condemned to the capital punishment leaves the Revolutionary Tribunal, the 4 germinal one, year 2 of the Republic and carried out the same day: follow-up of the precis of the life of the father Duchesne , Paris, Of the printing works of the revolutionary Tribunal. In Paris, At Clot, 1794
  • Antoine Agostini, the political thought of Jacques-Rene Hébert (1790-1794) , Aix-en-Provence: University presses of Aix-Marseilles, 1999
  • Charles Brunet, the father Duchesne d' Hébert, historical and bibliographical Note on this newspaper, published during the years 1790,1791,1793 and 1794: preceded by the life by Hébert, its author and followed indication of its other works , Paris, Bookstore of France, 1859
  • Marc, Crapez, social-chauvinism: of Hébertistes to the right-hand side revolutionist 1864-1900 , Paris, North, 1999 ISBN 2284004695
  • Paul d' Estrée, the Duchesne father. Hébert and the commune of Paris (1792-1794) , Paris, Ambert 1908
  • Marina Grey, Hébert: the Duchesne father, royalist agent , Paris, Perrin, 1983 ISBN 2262003009
  • Antoine Hadengue, red guards of year II: the revolutionary army and the party hebertist , Paris, Tallandier, 1989 ISBN 2235018327
  • Louis Jacob, Hébert the Duchesne father, chief of the sans-culottes , Paris, Gallimard 1960 ISBN 2070233332
  • Gustave Tridon, the Commune of Paris of 1793; Hébertistes , Brussels, J.H. Briard 1871
  • Gustave Tridon, Hébertistes; complaint against a calumny of the history , Paris, In the author, 1864
  • Pierre Turbat, Private life and policy of J. - R. Hébert, author of the father Duchesne , In Paris, is with the Printing works of Franklin, street of Cléry, No 76,1794
  • Gerard Walter, Hébert and father Duchesne , Paris, J.B. Janin, 1946
  • Gerard Walter Lawsuit educated and judged with the revolutionary tribunal: countered Hébert and consorts , Paris, Edhis, 1969 ISBN 2715225911

Internal bonds

External bonds

  • '' Petit Lent of the Maury abbot or sermons preached in the assembly of mad the '', N° 1 & 2. - First and second Sunday of Lent of the year 1790.

  • '' the Great anger of the Father duchesne '', n°290, (1793).

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