Jacquerie

In a strict sense, the Jacquerie or Grande Jacquerie is a country rising which has occurred in 1358 in the campaigns of Île-de-France, of Picardy, Champagne, Artois and Normandy, at the time of the Guerre One hundred Year old in a context of social political crisis, soldier and. Its causes are multiple, of the economic situation - thus the unpopularity of the nobility after the Bataille of Poitiers (1356) - and structural - misery of the campaigns devastated by the armies.

By extension, the term of jacquerie indicates many country revolts in the medieval Occident and Europe of Ancien Mode. It is used in history to indicate country revolts of the period French revolution and, in an analogical way, in political sciences to indicate all country risings.

the Jacquerie, scenes feudal , (1828) is a historical drama of Prosper Mérimée.

Medieval jacqueries

  • the Great Jacquerie of 1358

See also: Great Jacquerie

  • Revolt of Tuchins of 1381-1384

Revolt mainly country, occurred in Languedoc against the tax pressure and the exactions of the mercenaries.

See also: Revolt of Tuchins

  • Revolt of the peasants of Kent of 1381

Modern jacqueries

  • the jacquerie of the Faucigny of 1492.

Jacqueries of the 16th century

  • Revolt of the bumpkins, in the Holy roman Empire of 1524 with 1526.

According to Boris Porchnev, one can locate at the 16th century three large waves of jacqueries:

  1. most famous, that of the pitauds (1520-1550);
  2. risings favorable to the catholic League, in particular that of the gautiers (1570-1590);
  3. risings of the partisans of the king, crunching (1590-1600).

Jacqueries under Richelieu

The period of the ministry of Richelieu is that which saw developing the most significant number of serious revolts. The engagement of France in the Guerre Thirty Year old makes much increase the taxes, and moreover in this war, France fights the very catholic crown of Spain and is allied with Protestant powers of north.

Moreover, the reinforcement of the royal capacity and centralism is disputed, just like the fiscal policy of the cardinal, intervening in a difficult economic context.

The revolts are a serious opposition to the war and too high taxes. One sees there appearing the cries of: “the king without Gabelle lives”.

Repression is unequal according to whether it is directed by the local officers (weak) or by the royal troops (rapid and specimen).

These revolts do not threaten really the state because they do not have truly a coherent program, but are a strong opposition to the policy of Richelieu. Most serious are those of the Crunching in the western south and of the Nu-pieds of Normandy.

Jacqueries of the time of the Sling

Another sling, that of the peasants in 1648-1649, antimilitaire and antifiscale. A decentralization and a local self-management are wished.

Jacqueries under Louis XIV

At the 17th century, the peasants almost exclusively live products of the ground which they cultivate, or by means of purchases and of exchanges limited to the immediate neighbors. They have a simple life. Occurs a bad year, an agricultural catastrophe, hail, floods, and harvests are compromised. If harvests are bad, it is initially a rise of the prices, then, very quickly, a Disette.

Contrary to a very widespread opinion, the history of these miseries very early begins in the reign of Louis XIV. The famine falls down on France in 1662; one attends a fast exodus of the peasants towards the city, where they seek help and invade the old people's homes. Other calamities come to overpower the peasants; the epidemics decimate the populations weakened by the lack of food, and charges it with the taxes, the Gabelle (tax on salt), the Papier stamped seem an insurmountable burden imposed by the State.

The majority of popular risings which disturbed the kingdom, especially South-west, of 1624 with 1670, were caused by these tax pressures. They are the plowmen, the farmers, the large sharecroppers who raise themselves most readily. The French jacquerie of the XVIIe century is not a desperate action.

The revolts innumerable and are generally repressed with an extreme hardness:

  • in 1662, the revolt of Bolted shows three thousand arrests and sending four hundred rebels to the galères.
  • in 1664, Jean-Baptiste Colbert having again imposed the gabelle one on the rédimés countries, in Gascogne, an adventurer, Bernard d' Audijos, takes the command of revolted and holds head during two years with the royal army. When it is finally taken, the king, in front of his popularity, does not dare to prevail, the pardoned one and appoints it colonel.
  • one of most serious risings is the jacquerie Vivarais E of 1670. An unknown had made run a stupid noise: a edict was going to still create new taxes, more vexatious than those which existed. There was not obviously a word of truth in this ridiculous history, but the riot grows bigger with Aubenas and the surroundings. Plunderings start. Revolted find a chief in Anthoine of Roure. Plunderings the fires and the murders succeed. The “Rourois” raised a new jacquerie. This revolt finishes in defeat, followed by a bloody repression. Of Roure is stopped and carried out.
  • in 1675, new taxes raised for the War of Holland (whose implementation in 1674 of an unapplied edict of 1655 according to which any act likely to be presented in justice was to be from now on written on Papier stamped, to be able to be recorded) cause the Révolte of the stamped paper:
    • in Guyenne, several cities revolt. Repression is particularly hard: Bordeaux must place two hundred and nine companies of infantry and cavalry to her expenses;
    • the increase in the rights of Octroi raises the popular fury with the Mans;
    • the Brittany had repurchased two million books the rights on the tobacco and the crockery of tin. However, since the union of France and Brittany in 1532, all new tax must be accepted by the States of Brittany. These taxes caused a sharp dissatisfaction, mainly with Rennes, Nantes and in Cornwall: they brought the revolt of the Red Bonnets to it, in 1675. The peasants took the weapons, directed by Sebastien Balp. The noble ones were maltreated, of the set fire to castles, the cities threatened, the offices of ransacked stamp and tobacco. Revolted their claims in country Codes expressed. They claimed the softening and sometimes the suppression of the seigneuriaux rights.
    • rights of the wines to Mâcon in 1680

Towards the end of the Jacqueries

The last great revolt is that of the Tards-advised in 1707. The revolts are calmed after 1680. At the 18th century, one witnesses an end of the country Great Wars for several reasons:
  • one multiplies the small indirect taxes (less visible and thus painful)
  • the religion and the State very strongly approaches, the priests are more flexible, the peasants reject the violence of mass
  • it is one century of agricultural growth and one sees assembling a relative country individualism

But the revolts did not disappear, they are carried out with more small scales, they evolve to disputes antiseigneuriales.

The jacqueries begin again little before the revolution with the Guerre of the flours. During the revolution, the peasants will play an important role, in particular during great fear.

See too

The film Walk with the love and death, a film of John Huston, whose action is during the jacquerie of 1358.
  • Révolte of the tramps
  • Révolte of the stamped paper
  • Jacquerie of crunching the

External bond

  • Chart of the Revolts of Old Mode

jacquerie

Random links:Dava Sobel | Orleans | Ski touring with the Olympic Games of 1980 | Remember… last summer II | 1801 in France | 1805 in France | Nouveau_Kingman-Maître_d'hôtel,_Arizona